國立臺灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文 台灣產渦蛛科(蛛形綱：蜘蛛目)蜘蛛 之分類研究 A Taxonomic Study on the Family Uloboridae (Arachnida: Araneae) of Taiwan 研 究 生：鍾 珞 璿 Lo-Hsuan Chung 指導教授：陳 世 煌 博士 Shyh-Hwang Chen 中華民國一百零一年五月 致謝 在論文付梓之際，我想藉由此文表達我對許多人的感謝。 首先，感謝我的指導教授—陳世煌博士，細心引領我熟悉蜘蛛多樣性的世 界，並在研究過程中對我的全心支持和悉心指導，在論文完成後更一次又一次費 心地逐頁修改；同時，也感謝兩位口委老師陳順其老師和徐堉峰老師在忙碌之餘 細心審閱本論文，並提供無數寶貴意見，使本論文更趨完整和嚴謹。 在論文研究和撰寫期間，感謝蜘蛛實驗室的錫軒學長和雅惠學姐在研究方向 上給予建議；文俊學長和宸瑜學姐在蜘蛛鑑定和論文撰寫方面提供許多寶貴建 議；典諺、明哲和嘉容與我一起討論並陪伴我到各地採集；感謝旻昇和俊志在我 與論文奮鬥之際與我討論並給予關心和鼓勵；穎婕在我心煩時陪我聊天並提供許 多點圖上的意見；還有蜘蛛實驗室的大家在我口試時的幫忙，讓我專心準備面對 口試。感謝典諺的爸爸和媽媽在出野外採集時盡心提供許多吃喝住行上的協助。 最後，感謝我心愛的家人和賈斯潘在這段時間的愛和鼓勵，給我支持下去的 力量，並提供在經濟上的支持讓我衣食無虞地完成學業。 謹將本論文獻給以上我所感謝的師長、親友和家人。 目錄 目錄 ....................................................... ......................................................i 圖目次 ....................................................................................................... iv 表目次 ..................................................................................................... viii 附錄目次 ................................................................................................... ix 摘要 ............................................................................................................. x Abstract ..................................................................................................... xi 壹、緒論 ..................................................................................................... 1 貳、材料與方法 ...................................................................................... 12 一、研究材料 .................................................................................... 12 二、研究方法 .................................................................................... 12 参、結果 ................................................................................................... 15 一、形態分類處理 ............................................................................ 15 Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906 扇網蛛 ....................... 19 Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu et Song, 2004 雙叉夜蛛 ............................................................................................................ 26 Miagrammopes oblongus Yoshida, 1982b 長夜蛛 .......................... 29 Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906 東亞夜蛛 .... 34 Octonoba albicola Yoshida, 2012 白渦蛛 ....................................... 44 i Octonoba alishanensis sp. nov. 阿里山渦蛛 ................................... 48 Octonoba biforata Zhu, Sha et Chen, 1989 雙孔渦蛛 ..................... 51 Octonoba kentingensis Yoshida, 2012 墾丁渦蛛 ............................ 55 Octonoba kuanwuensis sp. nov. 觀霧渦蛛 ....................................... 58 Octonoba lanyuensis Yoshida, 2012 蘭嶼渦蛛 ............................... 60 Octonoba senkakuensis Yoshida, 1983b 釣魚台渦蛛 ..................... 63 Octonoba spinosa Yoshida, 1982a 棘渦蛛 ...................................... 67 Octonoba taiwanica Yoshida, 1982a 台灣渦蛛 ............................... 73 Philoponella nigromaculataYoshida, 1992 黑斑菲蛛 ..................... 79 Philoponella prominens (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906) 隆背菲蛛..... 85 Uloborus lushanensis sp. nov. 廬山蟱蛛 ......................................... 94 Uloborus penicillatoides Xie, Peng, Zhang, Gong et Kim, 1997 毛叢 蟱蛛 .................................................................................................... 97 Uloborus taiwanus sp. nov. 台灣蟱蛛 ........................................... 103 Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 草間蟱蛛 ....................... 106 Uloborus wulaiensis sp. nov. 烏來蟱蛛 ......................................... 111 Zosis geniculata (Oliver, 1789) 膝型渦蛛 ..................................... 115 二、渦蛛科染色體數目及性別決定機制 ..................................... 121 肆、討論 ................................................................................................. 124 ii 一、形態分類處理 .......................................................................... 124 二、渦蛛科染色體數目和性別決定機制 ..................................... 126 伍、參考文獻......................................................................................... 131 iii 圖目次 Figure 1. External features of Uloboridae .............................................. 146 Figure 2. External features and copulatory organs of Uloboridae .......... 147 Figure 3. Representative male carapaces of Uloboridae in Taiwan ....... 148 Figure 4. Representative of male left pedipalps of genera Octonoba, Philoponella, Uloborus and Zosis in Taiwan .................................. 149 Figure 5. Representative epigyna of genera Octonoba, Philoponella, Uloborus and Zosis in Taiwan ......................................................... 150 Figure 6. Precedures for making the chromosomes ............................... 151 Figure 7. Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906, male ................. 152 Figure 8. Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906, female .............. 153 Figure 9. Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu et Song, 2004, male .......................................................................................................... 154 Figure 10. Miagrammopes oblongus Yoshida, 1982b, male .................. 155 Figure 11. Miagrammopes oblongus Yoshida, 1982b, female ............... 156 Figure 12. Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906, male .......................................................................................... 157 Figure 13. Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906, female .......................................................................................................... 158 Figure 14. Octonoba albicola Yoshida, 2012, male ............................... 159 Figure 15. Octonoba albicola Yoshida, 2012, female ............................ 160 Figure 16. Octonoba alishanensis sp. nov., female ................................ 161 Figure 17. Octonoba biforata Zhu, Sha et Chen, 1989, male ................ 162 Figure 18. Octonoba biforata Zhu, Sha et Chen, 1989, female ............. 163 iv Figure 19. Octonoba kentingensis Yoshida, 2012, female ..................... 164 Figure 20. Octonoba kuanwuensis sp. nov., male .................................. 165 Figure 21. Octonoba lanyuensis Yoshida, 2012., male .......................... 166 Figure 22. Octonoba senkakuensis Yoshida, 1983b, male ..................... 167 Figure 23. Octonoba senkakuensis Yoshida, 1983b, female .................. 168 Figure 24. Octonoba spinosa Yoshida, 1982a, male .............................. 169 Figure 25. Octonoba spinosa Yoshida, 1982a, female ........................... 170 Figure 26. Octonoba taiwanica Yoshida, 1982a, male .......................... 171 Figure 27. Octonoba taiwanica Yoshida, 1982a, female ....................... 172 Figure 28. Philoponella nigromaculata Yoshida, 1992, male ............... 173 Figure 29. Philoponella nigromaculata Yoshida, 1992, female ............ 174 Figure 30. Philoponella prominens (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906), male 175 Figure 31. Philoponella prominens (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906), female .......................................................................................................... 176 Figure 32. Uloborus lushanensis sp. nov., male ..................................... 177 Figure 33. Uloborus penicillatoides Xie, Peng, Zhang, Gong et Kim, 1997, male ........................................................................................ 178 Figure 34. Uloborus penicillatoides Xie, Peng, Zhang, Gong et Kim, 1997, female ..................................................................................... 179 Figure 35. Uloborus taiwanus sp. nov., female ...................................... 180 Figure 36. Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806, male ..................... 181 Figure 37. Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806, female .................. 182 Figure 38. Uloborus wulaiensis sp. nov., female ................................... 183 Figure 39. Zosis geniculata (Oliver, 1789), male ................................... 184 Figure 40. Zosis geniculata (Oliver, 1789), female ................................ 185 v Figure 41. Collecting locations of Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906 in Taiwan................................................................................. 186 Figure 41. Collecting locations of Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu et Song , 2004 and M. oblongus Yoshida, 1982b in Taiwan ... 187 Figure 42. Collecting locations of Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906 in Taiwan .................................................................... 188 Figure 43. Collecting locations of Octonoba albicola Yoshida, 2012, O. biforata Zhu, Sha et Chen, 1989 and O. senkakuensis Yoshida, 1983b in Taiwan .......................................................................................... 189 Figure 44. Collecting locations of Octonoba alishanensis sp. nov., O. kentingensis Yoshida, 2012, O. kuanwuensis sp. nov. and O. lanyuensis Yoshida, 2012 in Taiwan ............................................... 190 Figure 45. Collecting locations of Octonoba spinosa Yoshida, 1982a and O. taiwanica Yoshida, 1982a in Taiwan.......................................... 191 Figure 46. Collecting locations of Philoponella nigromaculata Yoshida, 1992 in Taiwan................................................................................. 192 Figure 47. Collecting locations of Philoponella prominens (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906) in Taiwan ................................................................... 193 Figure 48. Collecting locations of Uloborus lushanensis sp. nov., U. taiwanus sp. nov.