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ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI IN SEARCH OF AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF THE STATE, DONOR AGENCIES, INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS IN GHANA'S DEVELOPMENT A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in International Development Studies at Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nick Fobih, 2001 Copyright Signatures of the Examining Committee Date of Submission So TuO e Quo Dr. Henry Veltmeyer, SUPERVISOR Dr. James H. Morrison, ADVISOR Dr. Joe Amoako-Tuffour, EXTERNAL READER Dr. Francis Boabang, ADVISOR National Library Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services senrices bibliographiques 395W#*nglonS(f#** 395, tua WaKngton Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada YaurUt O urM The author has granted a non­ L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfoim, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of dieL’auteur conserve la propriété du copyri^ in this thesis. Neither thedroit d’auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fromNi it la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author’sou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. 0-612-74839-1 Canada TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION..................................................................................................... Iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................v ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................... vl MAP................................................................................................................... vil ABSTRACT........................................................................................................viii COUNTRY PROFILE.......................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background to the Study .......................................................................... 1 1.2. Development Debates...............................................................................2 1.3. Conceptual Framework............................................................................. 5 1.3.1. Participation ..............................................................................................6 1.3.2. Empowerment........................................................................................12 1.3.3. Social Transformation ............................................................................. 17 1.4. Posing The Problem: The Research Question......................................... 19 1.5. Thesis Statement....................................................................................20 1.6. Research Methodology...........................................................................21 1.7. Structure of the Argument for the Thesis.................................................. 23 1.8. Endnotes ................................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................30 2.2. Theoretical Framework............................................................................31 2.2.1 AD in Sub-Saharan Africa ....................................................................... 38 i 2.3. Critical Analysis of the AD ......................................................................... 44 2.4. Conclusion................................................................................................ 53 2.5. Endnotes...................................................................................................55 CHAPTER 3. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ROLE OF THE POST-COLONIAL STATE IN GHANA: FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE DAWN OF THE 21 ST CENTURY. 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................59 3.2. The Convention People’s Party Government’s Development Strategy: 1951-1966............................................................61 3.3. The National Liberation Council’s Development lnitiatives:1966-1969........72 3.4. The Progress Party Government’s Development Approach: 1969-1972.... 75 3.5. The National Redemption Council/Supreme Military Council Development Policies: 1972-1979.............................................................78 3.6. The People’s National Party and Development: 1979-1981 ....................... 85 3.7. The Provisional National Defence Council/National Democratic Congress Development Strategy: 1981-2000.......................................... 90 3.8. Conclusion .................................................................................................102 3.9. Endnotes................................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 4. THE DONOR AGENCIES APPROACH: THE IMF AND THE WORLD BANK’S JOINT MARKET-LED STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................119 4.2. The Fiscal Conditions that Precipitated SAP Policies in Ghana ................120 4.3. The Adjustment Process in Ghana ..........................................................126 4.4. Analysis of the Impacts of the SAP Development Approach.....................127 4.4.1. Positive Impacts of the SAP Approach.................................................... 127 4.4.2. Negative of the SAP Approach................................................................134 4.5. Change in Development Approach by the IMF/World Bank ......................156 ii 4.6. African Organizations and UN Agencies Reaction to SAP.........................159 4.7. Conclusion ..............................................................................................160 4.8. Endnotes ................................................................................................ 169 CHAPTER 5. THE INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (INGOs) DEVELOPMENT APPROACH IN GHANA 5.1. Introduction .............................................................................................175 5.2. INGOs Development Activities in Ghana...................................................179 5.3. Critical Analysis of INGOs Activities in Ghana ........................................... 184 5.3.1. Strengths................................................................................................ 184 5.3.2. Weaknesses......................................................................................... 190 5.4. Conclusion........................................................................................... 201 5.5. Endnotes.............................................................................................. 205 CHAPTER 6. THE DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES OF THE COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS (CBOs) IN GHANA. 6.1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 209 6.2. Organization and Activities of the CBOs ................................................ 218 6.3. Limitations to CBOs Development Initiatives in Ghana........................... 229 6.4. Conclusion..............................................................................................231 6.5. Endnotes................................................................................................238 CHAPTER 7. SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 7.1. Summary .............................................................................................. 240 7.2. Recommendations ..................................................................................246 7.3. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 252 7.4. Endnotes ................................................................................................254