35392 Gießen ·FrankfurterStr V e-mail: [email protected] ·Homepage: http://www erlag: Deutsche V eterinärmedizinische GesellschaftService GmbH ISBN 978-3-939902-34-8 . 89·T el. 0641/24466 ·Fax:0641/25375 .dvg.net Determinants of the diversity of intestinal parasite communities in sympatric New World primates Britta Müller ( S a g u i n u s m y s t a x , S a g u i n u s f u s c i c o l l i s , C a l l i c e b u s c u p r e u s ) Hannover 2007 Deter (Saguinus mystax,S minants ofthediversityintestinalparasitecommunities in sympatricN aguinus fuscicollis,Callicebuscupr B ritta Müller ew W orld primates eus) Bibliografische Informationen der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; Detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. 1. Auflage 2007 © 2007 by Verlag: Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft Service GmbH, Gießen Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-939902-34-8 Verlag: DVG Service GmbH Frankfurter Straße 89 35392 Gießen 0641/24466 [email protected] www.dvg.net Aus dem Deutschen Primatenzentrum Göttingen __________________________________________________ Determinants of the diversity of intestinal parasite communities in sympatric New World primates (Saguinus mystax, Saguinus fuscicollis, Callicebus cupreus) I N A U G U R A L – D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des Grades einer Doktorin der Veterinärmedizin (Dr. med. vet.) durch die Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover vorgelegt von Britta Müller aus Münster Hannover 2007 Wissenschaftliche Betreuung: Univ. Prof. Dr. F.- J. Kaup PD Dr. E. W. Heymann 1. Gutachter: Univ. Prof. Dr. F.- J. Kaup 2. Gutachterin: Univ. Prof. Dr. E. Zimmermann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 05.06.2007 Diese Promotionssarbeit wurde finanziell gefördert vom Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD) und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (HE 1870/13-[1-3]). Meiner Familie TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................................................................3 2.1 Parasite diversity and correlates with host ecology..................................................3 2.1.1 Host-intrinsic factors.........................................................................................8 2.1.1.1 Body size..................................................................................................8 2.1.1.2 Sex............................................................................................................8 2.1.1.3 Age and longevity .....................................................................................9 2.1.1.4 Dominance rank and social status ..........................................................10 2.1.1.5 Reproductive status................................................................................10 2.1.1.6 Group size and host density ...................................................................11 2.1.1.7 Social and mating system .......................................................................11 2.1.1.8 Strata use................................................................................................12 2.1.1.9 Diet..........................................................................................................12 2.1.1.10 Nutritional status .....................................................................................13 2.1.1.11 Home-range size and geographic distribution ........................................14 2.1.2 Host-extrinsic or habitat factors ......................................................................15 2.1.2.1 Temperature and humidity ......................................................................15 2.1.2.2 Solar radiation.........................................................................................15 2.1.2.3 Soil type..................................................................................................16 2.1.2.4 Water bodies...........................................................................................16 2.1.2.5 Habitat morphology.................................................................................17 2.1.2.6 Resources for intermediate hosts and vectors........................................17 2.1.2.7 Vegetation type and density....................................................................18 2.1.2.8 Predation.................................................................................................18 2.1.3 Seasonality .....................................................................................................18 2.2 Intestinal parasite diversity in New World primates ................................................19 2.2.1 Intestinal protozoa ..........................................................................................19 2.2.2 Intestinal helminths .........................................................................................21 2.2.2.1 Trematoda...............................................................................................21 2.2.2.2 Cestoda...................................................................................................21 2.2.2.3 Nematoda ...............................................................................................22 2.2.2.4 Acanthocephala ......................................................................................22 2.3 Study host species .................................................................................................23 2.3.1 Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis .....................................................23 2.3.2 Callicebus cupreus .........................................................................................24 2.4 Bias in parasitological studies ................................................................................27 2.4.1 Selection bias.................................................................................................27 2.4.2 Information bias..............................................................................................27 2.4.3 Confounding bias............................................................................................28 2.5 Objectives of this study...........................................................................................28 3 ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................33 3.1 Study site................................................................................................................33 3.2 Study animals .........................................................................................................33 3.3 Study period...........................................................................................................35 3.4 Parasitological analyses.........................................................................................36 3.4.1 Faecal sample collection and preservation.....................................................36 3.4.2 Sedimentation procedure................................................................................38 3.4.3 Microscopic examination................................................................................38 3.4.4 Intra-observer reliability test............................................................................39 3.4.5 Qualitative and quantitative description of parasite diversity ..........................39 3.4.5.1 Parasite identification..............................................................................39 3.4.5.2 Parasite species richness (PSR) ............................................................41 3.4.5.3 Prevalence ..............................................................................................41 3.4.5.4 Egg or larvae output................................................................................41 3.5 Behavioural observations.......................................................................................42 3.6 Post-mortem examination.......................................................................................44 3.7 Habitat characterization..........................................................................................45 3.7.1 Drainage .........................................................................................................46 3.7.2 Soil type..........................................................................................................47 3.7.3 Ground inclination...........................................................................................47 3.7.4 Height of leaf litter...........................................................................................47 3.7.5 Deadwood abundance....................................................................................48 3.7.6 Vegetation density..........................................................................................48 3.7.7 Understorey density........................................................................................49 3.8 Climate ...................................................................................................................49 3.9 Phenology...............................................................................................................50 3.10 Statistical