GREen Transport in Island Areas – GRETIA Deliverable D2: Current Situation Analysis Το έργο υλοποιείται στο πλαίσιο του Επιχειρησιακού Προγράμματος: «Εκπαίδευση και Δια Βίου Μάθηση» και συγχρηματοδοτείται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (Ευρωπαικό κοινωνικό ταμείο – ΕΚΤ) και από εθνικούς πόρους. The project is funded in the framework of the Operational Programme “Education and Life-Long Learning” and is co-funded by the European Union (European Cohesion Fund – ECF) and national funds. Chios, July 2012 Deliverable 2: Current Situation Analysis ` EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Green development is heavily dependent on transportation through the strong seasonality of transportation demand by residents and tourists exacerbating the impact of traffic on congestion, noise and pollution. This project creates a comprehensive green transport policy, research and development action plan for Aegean island areas, accounting for the unique characteristics and growth prospects of the area in its multiple dimensions. Thi sreport presents the current situation analysis. Initially the evolution of the air pollution modeling is reviewed. These models are classified into groups according to their physical or mathematical principles and their level of complexity. Furthermore air quality (photochemical models) and dispersion models are presented, with their input requirements and the decision support systems that each of them uses. The section ends with the further research needs on the topic, such as evaluation of hot spot air quality models or the development of emissions models. The next task is intended to review best practices and policies implemented internationally for the promotion of green transport alternatives, as well as to identify those policies that will fit better the needs and particularities of island areas. Best practices of eight European cities that portray best practice in terms of continuous and integral transport policy, modal split for all journeys, especially bicycle mode share, and car free initiatives are presented. In addition, the current situation regarding the transportation system of the study area is analyzed (including available infrastructure, supplied services, road network flaws and flows, particularities of the islands etc.). There is also an extended literature review on the subject and some conclusions regarding the experience to date with activity-based models in practice. Following the transportation literature and best practices review along with the situation analysis in the islands, is the environmental practices analysis. The section starts with a review of sustainability issues in the transport literature, and continues with the review of sustainable transport policies. It then covers sustainability indicators (such as the ecological footprint) and presents case studies including ecological footprint analysis. Finally it recaps the findings of the literature review and presents recommendations for the rest of the project The report continues with the tourism section, comparing the complex tourist activity with the transport activity, based on the fact that both are activities involving mobility. The difficulty of distinguishing what comes first between these two and how these two interact is a subject of the present report. The report is concerned with the Greek geographical and transport peculiarities that directly affect the tourism of the country and the study areas. Tourist activities and the ideas of sustainable tourism are presented. Finally some green tourist certificates are being examined with their drawbacks being pointed out. The last section of the report concentrates on the consultation process which includes interviews with the key decision makers to identify the factors influencing the promotion and the development of green initiatives in the islands, and with the stakeholders of tourism industry and local government officials to record their views on the project scope and the islands particularities. The task aims to depict in detail all attributes i | P a g e Deliverable 2: Current Situation Analysis ` composing the modern internal and external business environment of the North Aegean islands. ii | P a g e Deliverable 2: Current Situation Analysis ` Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ i 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scope and Objectives ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project’s Tasks ............................................................................................... 1 1.3 Scope of the Project ....................................................................................... 2 2 ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES – MODELING OF MOBILE SOURCE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION .................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Air pollution modeling evolution ...................................................................... 4 2.3 Model Classifications ...................................................................................... 6 2.3.1 Steady-state and non steady-state models (EPA, 2004): ...................................... 6 2.3.2 Screening and Refined Analysis Models (EPA, 2004): ........................................... 7 2.3.3 Numerical and Statistical Models (Zanneti, 1990; Melas, 2007) .......................... 7 2.3.4 Source specific and grid-based models (Seigneur and Dennis, 2011)................... 8 2.3.5 Dispersion Models ................................................................................................. 8 2.3.6 Air Quality (Photochemical Models) ................................................................... 12 2.4 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 17 2.5 Further research needs................................................................................. 17 3 BEST PRACTICES AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH ................................ 18 3.1 Best Practices Review .................................................................................. 18 3.1.1 Malmo ................................................................................................................. 19 3.1.2 Copenhagen ........................................................................................................ 22 3.1.3 Odense ................................................................................................................ 23 3.1.4 Groningen ............................................................................................................ 26 iii | P a g e Deliverable 2: Current Situation Analysis ` 3.1.5 Delft ..................................................................................................................... 27 3.1.6 Freiburg ............................................................................................................... 28 3.1.7 Vitoria-Gasteiz ..................................................................................................... 29 3.1.8 Stockholm ............................................................................................................ 30 3.2 State of the Art in Travel Behaviour Research .............................................. 31 3.2.1 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 44 4 TRANSPORT CONDITIONS IN THE STUDY AREA ................................................. 47 4.1 The Island of Chios ....................................................................................... 47 4.1.1 Particularities of Chios ......................................................................................... 47 4.1.2 Study Area ........................................................................................................... 48 4.1.3 Socioeconomic Characteristics ............................................................................ 50 4.1.4 Transportation System Characteristics ............................................................... 53 4.1.5 Land Use Characteristics ..................................................................................... 60 4.2 The island of Lesvos 4.2.1 Particularities of Lesvos ....................................................................................... 63 4.2.2 The natural environment of Lesvos ..................................................................... 63 4.2.3 Study Area ........................................................................................................... 67 4.2.4 Socioeconomic Characteristics ............................................................................ 72 4.2.5 Lesvos TransportationSystem Characteristics ..................................................... 74 4.2.6 Inter-Island Transportation System Characteristics ............................................ 84 4.2.7 Land Use Characteristics ..................................................................................... 90 4.3 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 91 4.3.1 Chios Island .........................................................................................................