1 Conflict Induced Internal Displacement: Issues & Challenges for Pakistan Ph.D Thesis By SOHAIL AHMAD Department of International Relations University of Peshawar (Session 2008-2009) 2 Table of Contents Contents Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..i List of Maps……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ii Acronyms and Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………………………..v Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………vii Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................1 Conflict Induced Internal Displacement ...................................................................................1 1.1.Introduction to Internal Displacement ...........................................................................1 1.2.Kinds of Internal displacement .......................................................................................5 1.3.Conflict Induced Internal Displacement ..........................................................................5 1.4.Internal Displacement Caused By Natural Disasters ......................................................13 1.5.Development Driven Internal Displacement .................................................................14 1.6.The Vicious Circle of Displacement in Pakistan/ Problem Statement.............................16 1.7.Methodology of the Study............................................................................................17 1.8.Implication of the Study ...............................................................................................19 1.9.Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................19 1.10.A Case Study of Pakistan ............................................................................................20 1.11.Theoretical Framework ..............................................................................................26 1.12.Protection from Displacement ...................................................................................31 1.13.Protection during Displacement .................................................................................33 1.14.Humanitarian Assistance ............................................................................................36 1.15.Return, Resettlement and Reintegration ....................................................................38 1.16.Conclusion .................................................................................................................39 Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................................44 Protection of Internally Displaced Persons in Pakistan ...........................................................44 2.1. IDPs Right to shelter ....................................................................................................46 2.2. Health of IDPs .............................................................................................................59 3 2.3. Fortification against Illiteracy ......................................................................................65 2.4. Safeguarding Internally displaced Children Rights........................................................69 2.5. Protection of Internally Displaced Women ..................................................................73 2.6. Stance against Discrimination......................................................................................76 2.7. IDPs Right to freedom of movement ...........................................................................79 2.8. Provision of Humanitarian Assistance ..........................................................................82 2.9. Planned Flight & Right to Shelter during displacement ................................................89 2.10. Conclusion ................................................................................................................90 Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................93 Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons ................................................................93 3.1. Return .........................................................................................................................95 3.2. Local integration ....................................................................................................... 109 3.3. Resettlement ............................................................................................................ 121 3.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 125 Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................ 130 Internal Displacement Crises: Domestic and International Challenges .................................. 130 4.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 130 4.2. IDP’s in Pakistan in a Nutshell .................................................................................. 130 4.3. Financial Assistance................................................................................................... 136 4.4. Flawed Registration for IDPs from FATA .................................................................... 138 4.5. Adverse Effects Of Military-Led Relief Initiatives........................................................ 139 4.6. Rebuilding Local Economies ...................................................................................... 142 4.7. International Laws Regarding IDPs ............................................................................ 144 4.8. Political Changes Regarding IDPs ............................................................................... 145 4.9. Securing International Aid: A Major Challenge for Pakistan ....................................... 148 4.10. Militants Masked As Common Men ......................................................................... 151 4.11. Repugnancy of Punjab and Sindh in Hosting IDPs .................................................... 151 4.12. Availability of Basic Necessities of Life ..................................................................... 153 4.13. Heavy Cost of Bearing IDPs ...................................................................................... 154 4.14. Security and Protection of Human Rights ................................................................ 155 4.15. IDPs and International Challenges for Pakistan ........................................................ 156 4.16. Influx and Out-flux of Crisis of Displacement on GDP ............................................... 158 4 4.17. Eroding Authority and Control of State .................................................................... 160 4.18. Displacement in Pakistan Threatening Stability of the Region .................................. 162 4.19. Re-Emergence of Militants in PATA ......................................................................... 164 4.20. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 166 Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................................ 171 Countering Internal Displacement Challenges on Policy Level .............................................. 171 5.1. Introduction: ............................................................................................................. 171 5.2. Prudent Measures for Pakistan ................................................................................. 173 5.3. A Checklist for IDPs specific Legislation...................................................................... 175 5.4. Arbitrary Displacement as War Crimes ...................................................................... 177 5.5. Curtailing Arbitrary Displacement through International Humanitarian Law .............. 178 5.6. Disaster Risk Reduction in Pakistan ........................................................................... 180 5.7. Avoiding Arbitrary Displacement while Carrying out Evacuation ................................ 183 5.8. Obligation to Provide Humanitarian Assistance ......................................................... 184 5.9. Scenario for International Assistance ........................................................................ 190 5.10. Right to Freedom of Movement .............................................................................. 190 5.11. Right to Family ........................................................................................................ 192 5.12. Right to Adequate Food .......................................................................................... 194 5.13. Right to Shelter or Adequate Housing...................................................................... 196 5.14. Right to Health Facilities .......................................................................................... 197 5.15. Issuance and Replacement of Documents ............................................................... 199 5.16.