WODE_FM.qxd 16/11/04 2:52 AM Page i Worldwide Destinations WODE_FM.qxd 16/11/04 2:52 AM Page ii WODE_FM.qxd 16/11/04 2:52 AM Page iii Worldwide Destinations The geography of travel and tourism Fourth edition Brian G. Boniface and Chris Cooper AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO WODE_FM.qxd 16/11/04 2:52 AM Page iv Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803 First published as The Geography of Travel and Tourism 1987 Reprinted 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993 Second edition 1994 Reprinted 1994, 1995, 1996 (twice) Third edition 2001 Fourth edition 2005 Copyright © Brian G. Boniface and Chris Cooper 1987, 1994, 2001, 2005. All rights reserved The right of Brian G. Boniface and Chris Cooper to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: ( 44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 7506 5997 1 For information on all Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at http://books.elsevier.com Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Italy Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org WODE_FM.qxd 16/11/04 2:52 AM Page v Contents List of figures vi List of tables vii Preface ix Part One: The Elements of the Geography of Travel and Tourism 1 An introduction to the geography of travel and tourism 3 2 The geography of demand for tourism 16 3 The geography of resources for tourism 31 4 Climate and tourism 47 5 The geography of transport for travel and tourism 66 Part Two: The Regional Geography of Travel and Tourism 6 An introduction to the tourism geography of Europe 91 7 An introduction to the tourism geography of Britain 100 8 The tourism geography of England and the Channel Islands 114 9 The tourism geography of Scotland, Wales and the Isle of Man 130 10 The tourism geography of Ireland 141 11 The tourism geography of Scandinavia 151 12 The tourism geography of the Benelux countries 166 13 The tourism geography of Austria, Germany and Switzerland 177 14 The tourism geography of France 193 15 The tourism geography of Spain and Portugal 210 16 The tourism geography of Italy 233 17 The tourism geography of Malta, Greece and Cyprus 247 18 The tourism geography of Eastern Europe, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 260 19 The tourism geography of the Middle East 291 20 The tourism geography of Africa 312 21 The tourism geography of South Asia 344 22 The tourism geography of East Asia 361 23 The tourism geography of Australasia 388 24 The tourism geography of North America 410 25 The tourism geography of Latin America and the Caribbean 442 26 The future geography of travel and tourism 476 References 489 A compendium of worldwide destination sources 491 Selective place name index 508 Subject index 515 WODE_FM.qxd 16/11/04 2:52 AM Page vi List of figures 1.1 Leisure, recreation and tourism 4 1.2 The tourism system 7 2.1 Stages in economic growth 21 2.2 The demographic transition 23 3.1 Tourism planning flow chart 35 3.2 Visitor management strategies and actions 36 3.3 The recreational business district 45 3.4 The tourist area life cycle 46 4.1 World climate zones 49 4.2 Bioclimatic chart 51 4.3 Tropical lowland and highland climates 64 5.1 The five freedoms of the air 77 5.2 IATA traffic conference areas 78 26.1 International tourism in metamorphosis 487 WODE_FM.qxd 16/11/04 2:52 AM Page vii List of tables 1.1 Smith’s typology of tourists 12 1.2 Leisure and business tourism 14 2.1 Economic development and tourism 20 2.2 The international tourism shares of the developing countries and those at high mass consumption 22 2.3 Domestic age and tourism demand 27 2.4 Cohen’s classification of tourists 28 3.1 Carrying capacity 33 3.2 The benefits of tourism planning 34 3.3 A classification of recreational resources 42 4.1 Temperatures and clothing – holiday travel in January 50 4.2 World climates and tourism 55 5.1 The historical development of transport and tourism 70 5.2 Characteristics of transport modes 74 WODE_FM.qxd 16/11/04 2:52 AM Page viii WODE_FM.qxd 16/11/04 2:52 AM Page ix Preface In the mid 1980s when we set out to write the first edition of The Geography of Travel and Tourism there was a pioneering feeling, as we followed in the footsteps of a very small band of geographers who had previously entered this new territory of tourism. Almost twenty years later, embarking on the fourth edition of Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism, the territory has been well and truly explored, not only by ourselves, but also by many other authors writing textbooks, reports and papers for specialist journals. Indeed, writing the first edition presented real problems of sourcing accurate information and statistics about each country – yet for this edition the information is much more readily available, not only in print form but also on the Internet. This raises issues on the reliability of much of this material, and also the sheer quantity that is available creates information overload for students. Here the challenge is to transform that information into knowledge. In the third edition we introduced case studies at the end of each chapter, to explore key issues and selected destinations at greater depth. To avoid being faced with an over-long textbook this time round, we have introduced a companion volume of case studies, Tourist Destinations in Focus, as a further learning resource for students and teachers. We also hope that the fourth edition has a less Eurocentric focus than its predecessors, by giving much more space to emerging destina- tions in Africa, Asia and the Americas. We have also updated the text to recognize the changing world and in particular the threat to international tourism in the wake of 9/11, by highlighting issues such as security and crisis management. None the less, we have retained many of the ingredients of the previous successful editions. In particular, we have retained our comprehensive coverage of every country in the world, although some world regions have been altered in line with popular recognition, for example, Hawaii is included as part of North America in this edition. The regional chapters are written to a flexible template comprising tourism demand, supply, organization and resources. We make no apology for this comprehensive approach, as we feel that it is needed more than ever before in a subject area dominated by ever-increasing specialization, and it therefore complements the more detailed treatment of tourism found in the multitude of textbooks, reports and academic papers that deal with particular themes or regions. For schools and colleges this specialization raises a real issue for library resources, and we hope that this book provides an all-embracing framework – supplemented by a good atlas – from which students can develop an understanding of most aspects of world travel and tourism. We feel that many tourism courses are requiring geographical knowledge, not only of the locations of routes and destinations – as traditionally recognized by the travel and tourism industry – but also for a systematic analysis of these destinations and the other supply elements of tourism. As in previous editions, we stress the demand-side of tourism, particularly where it concerns the world’s most important generators of domestic and outbound travel. Geography can make a unique contribution to the study of tourism and this is often overlooked. Many tourism courses and modules have titles such as tourism impacts, sustainable tourism, tourism destinations, cultural tourism etc … Regardless of the title, they use geographical methods in analysing tourism. We therefore hope that a wide range of readers, including those with little geographical knowledge, will use this book. As ever, a large number of family, friends and colleagues have assisted us, wittingly or unwit- tingly, in writing this edition. Maria Boniface helped with the research and the processing of e-mails exchanged between England and Australia. Robyn and Amy Cooper researched the list of WODE_FM.qxd 16/11/04 2:52 AM Page x x Preface destination websites; the library at the University of Queensland has been a com- prehensive source of material; and our students, including those on distance learn- ing courses from many countries around the world, have provided invaluable feedback and information on current trends in tourism.