70 @ Introduction to Water Cooled Reactor Theory Edition Lite Simulator with the Micro-Physics Cooled Reactor Water Introduction to Introduction to Water Cooled Reactor Theory with the Micro-Physics Simulator Lite Edition TRAINING COURSE SERIES TRAINING ISSN 1018–5518 VIENNA, 2019 TRAINING COURSE SERIES 70 INTRODUCTION TO WATER COOLED REACTOR THEORY WITH THE MICRO-PHYSICS SIMULATOR LITE EDITION The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY PAKISTAN ALBANIA GHANA PALAU ALGERIA GREECE PANAMA ANGOLA GRENADA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ARGENTINA GUYANA PERU ARMENIA HAITI PHILIPPINES AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE POLAND AUSTRIA HONDURAS PORTUGAL AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY QATAR BAHAMAS ICELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BAHRAIN INDIA BANGLADESH INDONESIA ROMANIA BARBADOS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ RWANDA BELGIUM IRELAND SAINT LUCIA BELIZE ISRAEL SAINT VINCENT AND BENIN ITALY THE GRENADINES BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL JAMAICA SAN MARINO STATE OF JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SENEGAL BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BRAZIL KENYA SEYCHELLES BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI TOGO CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CROATIA MALI TUNISIA CUBA MALTA TURKEY CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKMENISTAN CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF DJIBOUTI MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICA MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC ECUADOR MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA EGYPT MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EL SALVADOR NAMIBIA ERITREA NEPAL URUGUAY ESTONIA NETHERLANDS UZBEKISTAN ESWATINI NEW ZEALAND VANUATU ETHIOPIA NICARAGUA VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN FIJI NIGER REPUBLIC OF FINLAND NIGERIA VIET NAM FRANCE NORTH MACEDONIA YEMEN GABON NORWAY ZAMBIA GEORGIA OMAN ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. TRAINING COURSE SERIES No. 70 INTRODUCTION TO WATER COOLED REACTOR THEORY WITH THE MICRO-PHYSICS SIMULATOR LITE EDITION INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2019 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 26007 22529 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Nuclear Power Technology Development Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION TO WATER COOLED REACTOR THEORY WITH THE MICRO-PHYSICS SIMULATOR LITE EDITION IAEA, VIENNA, 2019 IAEA-TCS-70 ISSN 1018–5518 © IAEA, 2019 Printed by the IAEA in Austria June 2019 FOREWORD The IAEA offers its Member States a suite of basic principle nuclear power plant simulators for education and training in various advanced technologies. These simulators allow hands-on, interactive learning on a wide range of topics for different types of reactor technologies. The IAEA assists Member States in the use of simulators through training courses and by publishing related documentation. One simulator available to Member States is the Micro-Physics Nuclear Reactor Simulator Lite Edition, or MPSL. The IAEA provides users of the MPSL access to a user manual developed by Nuclear Engineering Ltd of Osaka, Japan, containing information on simulator operation, features, models, benchmarks and specifications. The present publication is intended to support the user manual with a substantive detailing of reactor theory fundamentals, providing sufficient background information and examples to enable readers to understand and use the MPSL. Users may refer to this introductory text to gain a conceptual understanding of simulator responses or to build foundational knowledge for further education on reactors or the use of other IAEA simulators. The content is closely linked with the MPSL so that inexperienced users can become more familiar with, and better understand, the key concepts and fundamental theory behind it; conversely, the simulator can be used as an effective means to reinforce concepts already learned. The publication provides basic information that can be applied directly in training courses, as lecture material or as student or trainee reference material, and that can be incorporated into curricula on a variety of nuclear related topics. It is expected to be useful to students or trainees as a basic reference text on reactor theory fundamentals and is not intended as an exhaustive textbook or an extensive reference work. The concepts covered are intended to directly support the use and demonstration of the MPSL, providing a comprehensive introduction to reactor theory through an accessible, hands-on learning experience. The IAEA thanks Nuclear Engineering Ltd for providing the Micro-Physics Nuclear Reactor Simulator Lite Edition. The IAEA acknowledges the valuable contributions of M. Tatsumi (Japan) and R. Schow (United States of America). The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were C. Takasugi and T. Jevremovic of the Division of Nuclear Power. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the contributors and has not been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA. The views expressed remain the responsibility of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA or the governments of its Member States. Neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of this publication. This publication does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................... 1 1.2. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................ 1 1.3. SCOPE ....................................................................................................... 1 1.4. STRUCTURE ............................................................................................ 2 2. WATER COOLED REACTOR DESIGNS ............................................................ 3 2.1. PRESSURIZED WATER REACTORS (PWRs) ...................................... 4 2.2. OTHER WATER COOLED REACTOR TECHNOLOGIES .................. 5 2.2.1. Boiling water reactors (BWRs) ...................................................... 5 2.2.2. Pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) .................................. 6 2.2.3. Light water cooled graphite moderated reactors (LWGRs) ........... 6 2.3. SAFETY SYSTEMS ................................................................................. 7 2.4. OPERATIONAL LIMITS AND MARGINS ............................................ 8 3. NUCLEAR PHYSICS: FUNDAMENTALS OF INTEREST TO WATER COOLED REACTOR OPERATION .................................................................... 10 3.1. NUCLEAR REACTIONS ......................................................................