Abbreviations BL The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley CSA California State Archives, Sacramento CJEE California Journal of Elementary Education COUCLA UCLA Chancellor’s Office, Administrative Files of the Chancellor’s Office, 1936–1959, Series 359, University Archives, Charles Young Research Library, UCLA CSDP Corinne A. Seeds Documentation Project 1925–1958, Series 1419, Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library, UCLA CSPUCLA Corinne Seeds Papers 1945–1956, Series 838, Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library, UCLA CSPR Corinne Seeds Papers, Collection 118, Special Collections and Archives, Tomas Rivera Library, University of California Riverside HH/CSR Helen Heffernan Correspondence with Corinne Seeds, Collection 117, Special Collections and Archives, Tomas Rivera Library, University of California Riverside HHPR Helen Heffernan Papers, Collection 116, Special Collections and Archives, Tomas Rivera Library, University of California Riverside JTP Joseph Trainor Papers, 1933- 1980, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University RSPBL Robert Gordon Sproul Personal Papers, CU- 301, University of California Archives, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley SCUCLA Department of Special Collections, Charles Young Research Library, UCLA UAUCLA University Archives, Charles Young Research Library, UCLA WJE Western Journal of Education Notes Introduction 1 . C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (Oxford University Press, 1959). 2 . Jacqueline Dowd Hall, “To Widen the Reach of Our Love: Autobiography, History, and Desire,” Feminist Studies 26, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 231. 3 . Robin Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform (Oxford University Press, 1991). 4 . See, for example, Ellen Lewin, ed., Inventing Lesbian Cultures in America (Beacon Press, 1996); Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America (Penguin Books, 1992); John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities (University of Chicago Press, 1998); Martin Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncy, eds., Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past (Penguin Books, 1991). 5 . John Dewey, Introduction to Elsie Ridley Clapp, Use of Resources (Harper and Brothers, 1952), 3. 6 . Lawrence Cremin, The Transformation of the School (Vintage Books, 1964). 7 . Cremin, The Transformation of the School , 349. 8 . Arthur Zilversmit, Changing Schools: Progressive Education Theory and Practice 1930–1960 (University of Chicago Press, 1993), 170. 9 . Helen Heffernan, “Inventory of the Gains,” CJEE 20(August 1951): 122. Working Girls of the Golden West 1 . Patricia Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest (W. W. Norton, 1987); Valerie Matsumoto and Blake Allmendiger, eds., Over the Edge: Remapping the American West (University of California Press, 1999); Patricia Limerick, Clyde Milner, and Charles Rankin, eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (University Press of Kansas, 1991); William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, eds., Under An Open Sky: Rethinking America’s Western Past (W. W. Norton, 1992). 2 . Susan Armitage and Elizabeth Jameson, eds., The Women’s West (University of Oklahoma Press, 1987); Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range (University of Oklahoma Press, 1997); Virginia Scharff, Twenty Thousand Roads (University of California Press, 2002); Mary Irwin and James Brooks, eds., Women and Gender in the American West (University of New Mexico Press, 2004). 208 NOTES 3 . Ardis Cameron, Radicals of the Worst Sort: Laboring Women in Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1860–1912 (University of Illinois Press, 1995), 26. See also Donald Cole, Immigrant City (University of North Carolina Press, 1963). 4 . Anne Ellis, Life of an Ordinary Woman (University of Nebraska Press, 1980), 109. 5 . Sally Zanjani and Guy Louis Rocha, The Ignoble Conspiracy: Radicalism on Trial in Nevada (University of Nevada Press, 1986), 54–55. 6 . Sally Zanjani, Goldfield (Ohio University Press, 1992), 104; also, Mrs. Hugh Brown, Lady in Boomtown (University of Nevada Press, 1968), 43. 7 . See Mary Murphy, “The Private Lives of Public Women: Prostitution in Butte, Montana, 1878– 1917,” Frontiers 7, no. 3 (1984): 194. 8 . Edward Krug, The Shaping of the American High School (Harper and Row, 1964), 169. 9 . The Joshua Palm [Senior Annual of Goldfield High School] (Goldfield, Nevada, 1912), n. p., HHPR. 10 . Kate Rousmaniere, Citizen Teacher: The Life and Leadership of Margaret Haley (Teachers College Press, 2005); Joan Smith, Ella Flagg Young: Portrait of a Leader (Northern Illinois Press, 1979). 11 . Nineteenth- and twentieth- century teacher training schools were called nor- mal schools after the French ecole normale . 12 . Christine Ogren, The American State Normal School (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Kathleen Underwood, “The Pace of Their Own Lives: Teacher Training and the Life Course of Western Women,” Pacific Historical Review 55 (Nov. 1986); see also Merle Borrowman, The Liberal and Technical in Teacher Education (Teachers College Press, 1956); Paul Mattingly, The Classless Profession (New York University Press, 1975); Willard Elsbree, The American Teacher (American Book Company, 1939); Richard Altenbaugh and Kathleen Underwood, “The Evolution of Normal Schools,” in Places Where Teachers are Taught, ed. John Goodlad, Roger Soder, Kenneth Sirotnik (Jossey- Bass Publishers, 1990), 136–86; Jurgen Herbst, And Sadly Teach: Teacher Education and Professionalization in American Culture (University of Wisconsin Press, 1989). 13 . Romanzo Adams, “University Notes,” Nevada School Journal 3, no. 1 (1912): 10. 14 . Anne Howard, The Long Campaign: A Biography of Anne Martin (University of Nevada Press, 1985). 15 . Goldfield News and Weekly Tribune (July 31, 1915): 8. 16 . “Times of Challenge— Years of Building,” in A Teacher Affects Eternity , 6, HHPR. 17 . “Times of Challenge—Years of Building,” 5. 18 . Lynn Gordon, Gender and Higher Education in the Progressive Era (Yale University Press, 1990). 19 . Cited in Maresi Nerad, The Academic Kitchen: A Social History of Gender Stratification at the University of California, Berkeley (SUNY Press, 1999), 29. 20 . Cited in Gordon, Gender and Higher Education, 64. 21 . Gordon, Gender and Higher Education, 84. 22 . Nancy Loe, Life in the Altitudes: An Illustrated History of Colorado Springs (Windsor Publications, 1983), 39. 23 . Elizabeth Jameson, Building Colorado (Denver: Colorado State Council of Carpenters, 1984), 16–17. NOTES 209 24 . See Elizabeth Jameson, All That Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek (University of Illinois Press, 1998). 25 . Corinne Seeds, “U.E.S.: The History of the Creative Elementary School” (Oral History Project, University of California Los Angeles, 1963), 6. 26 . Jameson, Building Colorado , 17. 27 . Henry Markham Page, Pasadena: Its Early Years (Lorrin Morrison, Printing and Publishing, 1964), 74. 28 . Mike Davis, City of Quartz (Verso Books, 1990), 25. 29 . Robert Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1950–1830 (University of California Press, 1993), 145. 30 . Pasadena Board of Education, Annual Report, 1908, 37. 31 . Seeds, “U.E.S.: The History of the Creative Elementary School,” 1. 32 . Bulletin of the State Normal School, Los Angeles 1908–09 (Los Angeles Normal School, 1908), 11. 33 . David Florell, “Origin and History of the School of Education, University of California, Los Angeles” (EdD diss., UCLA, 1946), 135. 34 . The Los Angeles State Normal School, A Quarter Centennial History 1882– 1907 . n.d., 13. UAUCLA. 35 . The close supervision of students can be seen in the minutes of LA Normal School faculty meetings. “Faculty Meeting Minutes 1907 – 1913,” California State Normal School Minutes of Faculty and Administrative Committees, 1883 – 1918, Series 252, UAUCLA. 36 . The Exponent 1910 , n. p., Series 252, UAUCLA. 37 . George Monroy, Rebirth: Mexican Los Angeles from the Great Migration to the Great Depression (University of California Press, 1999). 38 . Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis 1850–1930, 123. 39 . Lawrence DeGraff, “The City of Black Angels: Emergence of the Los Angeles Ghetto, 1890 – 1930,” Pacific Historical Review 39 (1970): 343. 40 . Monroy, Rebirth, 139. 41 . For a more extensive discussion of Seeds’s narrative, see Kathleen Weiler, “Corinne Seeds and the Avenue 21 School,” Historical Studies in Education 14, no. 2 (2002): 191 – 218. 42 . John Mahoney, Training Teachers for Americanization, United States Bureau of Education Bulletin No. 12 (United States Bureau of Education, 1920), 14. 43 . John McClymer, “Gender and the American Way of Life,” Journal of American Ethnic History 10, no. 3 (Spring 1991): 8 44 . George Sanchez, “Go After the Women: Americanization and the Mexican Immigrant Woman, 1915 – 1929,” in Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women’s History, ed. Vicki Ruiz and Ellen DuBois (Routledge, 1994), 289. See also Maxine Seller, “The Education of the Immigrant Woman: 1900– 1935,” Journal of Urban History 4, no. 3 (May 1978): 307 – 30; Katrina Irving, Immigrant Mothers: Narratives of Race and Maternity 1890–1925 (University of Illinois Press, 2000). 45 . Seeds, “U.E.S.: The History of the Creative Elementary School,” 31. 46 . Seeds, “U.E.S.: The History of the Creative Elementary School,” 27. 47 . Seeds, “U.E.S.: The History of the Creative Elementary School,” 31. 48 . Hortense Spillers, “Mama’s Baby, Papa’s Maybe: An American Grammar Book,” Diacritics 17, 2 (Summer 1987): 65. 49 . Seeds, “U.E.S.: The History