Addressing Complexity: Fostering Collaboration and Interdisciplinary Science Research at the Smithsonian Volume II: Detailed Findings Report prepared for the Smithsonian Under Secretary for Science by the Smithsonian Office of Policy and Analysis July 2009 Cover credit: Research & Node Layout: Kevin Boyack and Dick Klavans (mapofscience.com); Data: Thompson ISI; Graphics & Typography: W. Bradford Paley (didi.com/brad); Commissioned Katy Börner (scimaps.org) Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures.............................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... v List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................................... 1 Context of the Study ........................................................................................................... 2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 4 Defining “Interdisciplinary” ............................................................................................... 5 Organization of the Study Reports ...................................................................................... 6 A Shifting Paradigm for Science Research ..................................................................................... 7 Interdisciplinary Centers: Universities and Private Research Institutes ............................. 8 Science Agencies .............................................................................................................. 11 Two Recurrent Themes ..................................................................................................... 14 Smithsonian Science: Comparative Advantage and Relevance .................................................... 17 Smithsonian Science Has Unique National Value ............................................................ 17 Smithsonian Science Strengths ......................................................................................... 17 Smithsonian Science Weaknesses ..................................................................................... 23 Implications of IDR for Smithsonian Science and the Issue of Relevance ...................... 25 Communicating the Relevance of Smithsonian Science .................................................. 28 Current State of Collaboration and IDR ....................................................................................... 30 History of IDR at the Smithsonian.................................................................................... 30 A Thirst for IDR ................................................................................................................ 32 Inherently Interdisciplinary ............................................................................................... 38 Smithsonian Partnerships and Other Collaborations ........................................................ 41 Co-authorship Data ........................................................................................................... 42 Leadership ..................................................................................................................................... 44 The Starting Point: A Value-Driven Purpose ................................................................... 45 Vision ................................................................................................................................ 47 Strategic Research Direction ............................................................................................. 48 Setting Priorities................................................................................................................ 49 Follow-through ................................................................................................................. 50 Sustained Commitment ..................................................................................................... 51 Communication ................................................................................................................. 52 Hiring the Best .................................................................................................................. 52 Inspiration ......................................................................................................................... 53 Advocacy .......................................................................................................................... 53 i Management .................................................................................................................................. 55 Investing in Qualified Managers ....................................................................................... 55 Decision Making ............................................................................................................... 57 IDR Skill Building ............................................................................................................ 58 Brokering Knowledge ....................................................................................................... 61 Creating a Positive Work Climate .................................................................................... 65 Accountability ................................................................................................................... 68 Why Researchers Collaborate ....................................................................................................... 70 Reasons to Collaborate ..................................................................................................... 70 Barriers to Collaboration............................................................................................................... 76 Practical Barriers ............................................................................................................... 76 Barriers to Interdisciplinarity ............................................................................................ 78 Institutional Administrative and Bureaucratic Barriers .................................................... 80 Cultural Barriers—Science ............................................................................................... 80 Cultural Barriers—Smithsonian Science .......................................................................... 81 Organizational Structure ............................................................................................................... 87 “Campus”-based Model .................................................................................................... 90 Distributed Research Models ............................................................................................ 92 Consortia ........................................................................................................................... 94 Matrix Management Model .............................................................................................. 97 Structural Challenges ...................................................................................................... 100 The Smithsonian Workforce ....................................................................................................... 104 An Overview of the Smithsonian Scientific Research Workforce ................................. 107 Importance of Staying Up-to-date .................................................................................. 116 Re-configuring the Smithsonian Workforce ................................................................... 125 A Biased Performance Evaluation System ..................................................................... 129 Funding ....................................................................................................................................... 137 Grants, Contracts, and Philanthropic Funds ................................................................... 138 Fundraising Incentives for Scientists .............................................................................. 141 Need for Stable Funding ................................................................................................. 142 Competitive Smithsonian Grants .................................................................................... 145 Administrative Support ............................................................................................................... 150 Systems and Processes .................................................................................................... 150 Support Personnel ........................................................................................................... 153 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................... 154 Space and IDR ...........................................................................................................................