UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN F A C U L T Y OF SCIENCE Master Thesis (60 ECTS) Anna Viktoria Ahlehoff Hansen – HWR839 The Potential for Park & Ride in Denmark Rethinking commuter mobility Supervisor: Lasse Møller-Jensen October 2019 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to collect information about Park & Ride in Denmark, with a focus on four case municipalities: Stevns, Køge, Solrød and Greve. Park & Ride facilities are not that common in Denmark. However, there might be a potential for them to become so. An increasing awareness of the problems connected with the expansion of the car began to unfold in the 1980s, such as congestion-, parking-, health- and environmental problems. A Park & Ride journey constitutes a mode of travel whereby the traveller drives to a Park & Ride facility, parks the car and then takes the train – therefore, it has the ability to fight congestion. Danish and international findings on Park & Ride define factors, such as available parking, time-saving and walking distance, as important when using Park & Ride. Despite this, literature on this topic is limited. For this reason, different findings on Park & Ride have been gathered in this thesis through different methods: a survey on preferences, an interview with a Park & Ride project manager in the municipality of Køge, and a GIS analysis of the potential time-savings. This thesis focuses mainly on ten chosen preferences regarding Park & Ride: 1) Easy access, 2) Walking distance to station, 3) Available parking, 4) Safe to use, 5) Neat and welcoming, 6) Time-saving, 7) Train frequency, 8) Shops and stores, 9) Walking distance to final destination, and 10) Changing train. Findings on each of the ten preferences have been summarised in order to compare and discuss them. The findings show that there is a potential for Park & Ride in Denmark. Nevertheless, this depends on actions being taken at both the municipal and state level. As a result, this thesis lists a number of recommendations that concern actions that can be carried out at the state level or the municipal level in order to make Park & Ride more common in Denmark. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................2 2. Research Questions ..............................................................................................................................................3 3. Theory and Literature Review ..............................................................................................................................4 3.1 Danish Literature ............................................................................................................................................5 3.2 International Literature ..................................................................................................................................7 3.2.1 Sweden ....................................................................................................................................................7 3.2.2 The Netherlands ......................................................................................................................................8 3.2.3 Norway ....................................................................................................................................................8 4. Case Area ..............................................................................................................................................................9 5. Methods ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 5.1 Survey .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 5.1.1 Creating the Survey .............................................................................................................................. 13 5.1.2 Distributing the Survey ......................................................................................................................... 15 5.1.3 Method Discussion (Survey) ................................................................................................................. 15 5.2 Interview ...................................................................................................................................................... 16 5.2.1 Method Discussion (Interview) ............................................................................................................ 17 5.3 GIS ................................................................................................................................................................ 18 5.3.1 Creating Networks ................................................................................................................................ 18 5.3.2 Closest Facility ...................................................................................................................................... 20 5.3.1 Method Discussion (GIS)....................................................................................................................... 20 6. Survey Results .................................................................................................................................................... 22 6.1 Background Data ......................................................................................................................................... 23 6.2 The “Yes – road” .......................................................................................................................................... 25 6.3 The “No-road” ............................................................................................................................................. 27 6.4 Common Preference Questions .................................................................................................................. 29 6.5 Preference Questions .................................................................................................................................. 34 6.5.1 Park & Ride Preferences: User Expectations vs Experiences ............................................................... 34 6.5.2 Park & Ride Preferences: Users vs Non-users ...................................................................................... 41 7. Results of the Interview ..................................................................................................................................... 46 7.1 Field Work at Køge Nord Station ................................................................................................................. 51 1 8. Results of the GIS Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 52 8.1 Municipality Patterns .................................................................................................................................. 55 9. Discussion .......................................................................................................................................................... 59 9.1 Easy Access .................................................................................................................................................. 59 9.2 Walking Distance to Station ........................................................................................................................ 61 9.3 Available Parking ......................................................................................................................................... 62 9.4 Safe to Use ................................................................................................................................................... 63 9.5 Neat and Welcoming ................................................................................................................................... 64 9.6 Time-saving .................................................................................................................................................. 65 9.7 Train Frequency ........................................................................................................................................... 67 9.8 Shops and Stores ......................................................................................................................................... 68 9.9 Walking Distance to Final Destination ......................................................................................................... 69 9.10 Changing Train ........................................................................................................................................... 70 9.11 Paid Parking and Travel Cost ..................................................................................................................... 71 10. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................... 73 11. References ....................................................................................................................................................... 75 12. Appendix 1 – Survey .......................................................................................................................................