RENEWABLES 2012 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 2012 STEERING REN21 COMMITTEE Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber Tetsunari Iida Pradeep Monga Athena Ronquillo Ministry of Foreign Affairs Institute for Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Ballesteros United Arab Emirates Energy Policies (ISEP) Branch World Resources Institute Japan United Nations Industrial (WRI)/ Green Independent Adnan Z. Amin Development Organisation Power Producers Network International Renewable Øivind Johansen (UNIDO) Energy Agency (IRENA) Ministry of Petroleum Karsten Sach and Energy Paul Mubiru Federal Ministry for the Corrado Clini Norway Ministry of Energy and Environment, Nature Ministry for the Mineral Development Conservation and Nuclear Safety Environment and Territory Mahama Kappiah Uganda Germany Italy ECOWAS Regional Centre for Renewable Energy Nebojsa Nakicenovic Steve Sawyer Robert Dixon International Institute for Global Wind Energy Climate and Chemicals (ECREEE) Applied Systems Analysis and Energy Efficiency Council (GWEC) Team Cape Verde (IIASA) Global Environment Austria Rafael Senga Facility (GEF) Hans-Jorgen Koch Danish Energy Agency World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Kevin Nassiep Ministry of Climate and Michael Eckhart South African National Energy Citigroup, Inc. Energy Development MariaAsia-Pacific Sicilia Salvadores Denmark United States of America Institute (SANEDI) Ministry of Industry, South Africa Energy and Tourism Emani Kumar Mohamed El-Ashry Spain ICLEI – Local Governments United Nations Foundation Zitouni Ould-Dada for Sustainability Department of Energy & Griffin Thompson Shri Gireesh B. Pradhan Climate Change Department of State Ministry of New and United Kingdom United States of America AndréSouth Asia Correa Office do Lago Renewable Energy Ministry of External India Ibrahim Togola Relations, Energy Rajendra Pachauri Mali Folkecenter/ Citizens Department The Energy and Resources Amal Haddouche United for Renewable Brazil Institute (TERI) Ministry of Energy, Mines, India Energy and Sustainability (CURES) Water and Environment Li Junfeng Morocco Wolfgang Palz National Development Piotr Tulej World Council for and Reform Commission Directorate-General for the David Hales Renewable Energy (WCRE) Energy Research Institute/ Environment: Energy Unit Second Nature Chinese Renewable Energy European Commission United States of America Industries Association Mark Radka (CREIA) Division of Technology, Veerle Vandeweerd Kirsty Hamilton China Industry and Economics Energy and Environment Chatham House United Nations Group United Kingdom Bindu Lohani Environment Programme United Nations Asian Development Bank (UNEP) Development Programme Didier Houssin (ADB) (UNDP) Directorate of Energy Peter Rae Markets and Security Ernesto Macìas Galàn World Wind Energy Arthouros Zervos International Energy Alliance for Rural Association (WWEA)/REN European Renewable Agency (IEA) Alliance Energy Council (EREC) Electrification (ARE) Disclaimer: REN21 issue papers and reports are released by REN21 to emphasise the importance of renewable energy and to generate input from the REN21 community, they do not necessarily represent a consensus among network participants on any given point. Although the discussioninformation of given issues in central this report to the is promotionthe best available of renewable to the authorsenergy. Whileat the REN21time, REN21 papers and and its reports participants have benefited cannot be from held the liable considerations for its accuracy and 2 and correctness. RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY NETWORK FOR THE 21ST CENTURY REN21 convenes international multi-stakeholder leadership to enable a rapid global transition to renewable energy. It promotes appropriate policies that increase the wise use of renewable energy in developing and developed economies. Open to a wide variety of dedicated stakeholders, REN21 connects governments, international institutions, nongovernmental organisations, industry associations, and other partnerships and initiatives. REN21 leverages their successes and strengthens their influence for the rapid expansion of renewable energy worldwide. RENEWABLES 2012 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT STATUS 2012 GLOBAL RENEWABLES www.ren21.net 3 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........................................................... 07 Acknowledgements ................................................. 08 Executive Summary. 12 Selected Indicators Table ........................................... 17 Top Five Countries Table ............................................ 19 01 GLOBAL MARKET AND INDUSTRY OVERVIEW .............. 20 Power Sector .................................................. 23 Heating and Cooling Sector .................................... 25 Transport Sector .............................................. 26 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BY TECHNOLOGY ..... 30 Biomass Energy ................................................ 31 Geothermal Heat and Power .................................... 40 Hydropower ................................................... 42 Ocean Energy .................................................. 45 Solar Photovoltaics (PV). 47 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) ...................... 51 Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling ............................. 54 Wind Power ................................................... 57 03 INVESTMENT FLOWS ........................................ 60 04 POLICY LANDSCAPE ......................................... 64 Policy Targets .................................................. 65 Power Generation Policies ...................................... 66 Heating and Cooling Policies ................................... 73 Transport Policies .............................................. 75 Green Energy Purchasing and Labelling ........................ 75 City and Local Government Policies ............................. 76 05 RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY ............................... 80 Rural Renewable Energy Technologies .......................... 81 Actors in the Field of Rural Renewable Energy .................. 83 Industry Trends and Financial Models .......................... 83 Africa: Regional Status Assessment. 84 Asia: Regional Status Assessment. 87 Latin America: Regional Status Assessment ..................... 89 06 FEATURE: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY .......... 92 Methodological Notes ............................................... 128 Glossary ........................................................... 131 Report Citation Conversion Tables .................................................. 134 REN21. 2012. Renewables 2012 List of Abbreviations / Impressum .................................. 135 Global Status Report 4 (Paris: REN21 Secretariat). Endnotes ........................................................... 136 TABLES SIDEBARS TABLE 1 Estimated Jobs in Renewable Energy SIDEBAR 1 Jobs in Renewable Energy ..................... 26 Worldwide, by Industry ....................... 27 SIDEBAR 2 Bioenergy: Complexities and Data TABLE 2 Status of Renewable Energy Technologies: Collection Challenges ......................... 32 Characteristics and Costs ..................... 28 SIDEBAR 3 Innovating Energy Systems: TABLE 3 Renewable Energy Support Policies ........... 70 The Role of Storage ........................... 44 SIDEBAR 4 Sustainability Spotlight: Water Impacts FIGURES of Renewable Energy Technologies ............ 52 SIDEBAR 5 Investment Trends in Early 2012 ............. 63 FIGURE 1 Renewable Energy Share of Global Final SIDEBAR 6 Impacts of Fukushima ........................ 69 Energy Consumption, 2010 ................... 21 SIDEBAR 7 Tariffs that Fit ................................ 74 FIGURE 2 Average Annual Growth Rates of SIDEBAR 8 Trade Barrier Policies Relating to Renewable Energy Capacity and Biofuels Renewable Energy Technologies .............. 77 Production, 2006–2011 ....................... 22 SIDEBAR 9 2012: The International Year of FIGURE 3 Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Global Sustainable Energy for All ..................... 82 Electricity Production, 2011 .................. 23 SIDEBAR 10 Strategy for Universal Adoption FIGURE 4 Renewable Power Capacities, EU-27, of Clean Cookstoves ........................... 86 BRICS, and Top Seven Countries, 2011 ......... 25 Rural Renewable Energy Case Study: FIGURE 5 Biomass to Energy Pathways .................. 32 SIDEBAR 11 Lighting a Billion Lives ........................ 88 FIGURE 6 Net Trade Streams of Wood Pellets, Biodiesel, and Ethanol, 2011 .................. 34 FIGURE 7 Ethanol and Biodiesel Production, REFERENCE TABLES 2000–2011 ................................... 37 TABLE R1 Renewable Energy Capacity FIGURE 8 Global Wood Pellet Production, and Biofuel Production, 2011 ................. 97 2000–2011 ................................... 37 TABLE R2 Renewable Electric Power Capacity, FIGURE 9 Hydropower Total World Capacity, World and Top Regions/Countries, Top Five Countries, 2011 ...................... 43 Total Year-end 2011 .......................... 98 FIGURE 10 Hydropower Added Capacity, Top Five Biofuel and Wood Pellet Trade, 2011 .......... 99 Countries, 2011 ............................... 43 TABLE R3 Biofuel Production in Top 15 Countries FIGURE 11 Solar PV Total World Capacity, TABLE R4 plus EU, 2011. .100 1995–2011 ................................... 48 FIGURE 12 Solar PV Operating Capacity, TABLE R5 Solar PV Additions and Total Year-end Shares of Top 10 Countries, 2011 ............. 48 Operating Capacity, 2007–2011 ..............101 FIGURE 13 Market Shares of Top 15 Solar PV TABLE R6 Concentrating