Vol. 9 (1) 2015 Editorial (p. 3) Focus Section: Xenophobic Violence and the Manufacture of Difference in Africa: Introduction to the Focus Section Xenophobic Violence Laurent Fourchard / Aurelia Segatti (pp. 4 – 11) and the Manufacture of Difference in Africa “Go Back and Tell Them Who the Real Men Are!” Gendering Our Understanding of Kibera’s Post-election Violence Caroline Wanjiku Kihato (pp. 12 – 24) A Reappraisal of the Expulsion of Illegal Immigrants from Nigeria in 1983 Daouda Gary-Tounkara (pp. 25 – 38) Collective Mobilization and the Struggle for Squatter Citizenship: Rereading “Xenophobic” Violence in a South African Settlement Tamlyn Jane Monson (pp. 39 – 55) Protecting the “Most Vulnerable”? The Management of a Disaster and the Making/Unmaking of Victims after the 2008 Xenophobic Violence in South Africa Lydie Cabane (pp. 56 – 71) Open Section The Domestic Democratic Peace in the Middle East Uriel Abulof / Ogen Goldman (pp. 72 – 89) Group-based Compunction and Anger: Their Antecedents and Consequences in Relation to Colonial Conflicts Ana Figueiredo / Bertjan Doosje / Joaquim Pires Valentim (pp. 90 – 105) The Secret Society of Torturers: The Social Shaping of Extremely Violent Behaviour Jürgen Mackert (pp. 106 – 120) Validation of the Greek Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) Scale: Examining Its Relationships with Sexist and Conservative Political Beliefs Alexandra Hantzi / Efthymios Lampridis / Katerina Tsantila / Gerd Bohner (pp. 121 – 133) urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2015247 ISSN: 1864–1385 IJCV: Vol. 9 (1) 2015, p. 2 2 International Journal of Conflict and Violence – IJCV The International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) is a peer-reviewed periodical for scientific exchange and public dissemination of the latest academic research on conflict and violence. It was included in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) in March 2011. The subjects on which the IJCV concentrates have always been the subject of interest in many different areas of academic life. Con- sequently, the journal encompasses contributions from a wide range of disci- plines including sociology, political science, education, social psychology, crimi- nology, ethnology, history, political philosophy, urban studies, economics, and the study of religions. The IJCV is open-access: All text of the IJCV is subject to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives License. The IJCV is published twice a year, in spring and in fall. Each issue will focus on one specific topic while also including articles on other issues. Editors Editorial Staff (University of Bielefeld) Prof. Dr. Andreas Zick, Editor-in-Chief (University of Bielefeld) Dipl.-Soz. Julia Marth Prof. Gary LaFree, Ph.D. (University of Maryland) Dipl.-Psych. Friederike Sadowski Prof. Steven F. Messner, Ph.D. (University at Albany, NY) Dr. Kurt Salentin Dr. Ekaterina Stepanova (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) Dr. Peter Sitzer Dr. Sebastian Huhn Advisory Board Prof. Tore Bjørgo, Ph.D. (Norwegian Police University College, Oslo) Managing Editor Prof. Ronald Crelinsten, Ph.D. (University of Victoria) Julia Marth Prof. Robert D. Crutchfield, Ph.D. (University of Washington, Seattle) University of Bielefeld Prof. Donatella della Porta, Ph.D. (European University Institute, Florence) Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence Prof. Dr. Julia Eckert (University of Bern) P.O. Box 100131 Prof. Dr. Manuel Eisner (University of Cambridge) 33501 Bielefeld Prof. Richard B. Felson, Ph.D. (Pennsylvania State University) Germany Prof. Gideon Fishman, Ph.D. (University of Haifa) [email protected] Prof. Ted Robert Gurr, Ph.D. (University of Maryland) www.ijcv.org Prof. Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (University of Bielefeld) Prof. Miles Hewstone, Ph.D. (University of Oxford) Copy-Editing Prof. Rowell Huesmann, Ph.D. (University of Michigan) Meredith Dale, Berlin Prof. Dr. Barbara Krahé (University of Potsdam) [email protected] Prof. Jianhong Liu, Ph.D. (University of Macau) Prof. Dr. Jitka Male ková (Charles University Prague) Typesetting Dr. Nonna Mayer (Centre de Recherches Politiques de Sciences Po, Paris) Florian Rudt, Bielefeld Prof. Dr. Friedhelm Neidhardt (Social Science Research Center Berlin) [email protected] Prof. Thomas Pettigrew, Ph.D. (University of California Santa Cruz) Prof. Dr. Ulrich Schneckener (University of Osnabrück) Design by Prof. Dr. Rashmi Singh (The Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais) meier stracke gbr, büro für gestaltung Prof. Dr. Helmut Thome (Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg) Ernst-Rein-Str. 40 Prof. Jorge Vala (Universidade de Lisboa) 33613 Bielefeld Prof. Dr. Ulrich Wagner (Philipps-University of Marburg) Germany [email protected] www.meier-stracke.de IJCV : Vol. 9 (1) 2015, p. 3 Editorial: Letter from the Editors 3 Editorial Letter from the Editors Dear Reader, As quite some time has passed since the release of our last issue we are very pleased to present the latest International Journal of Conflict and Violence. The focus section, guest-edited by Laurent Fourchard (CERI, Sciences Po, France) and Aurelia Segatti (University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa), offers ana- lyses on the understanding of xenophobic violence, based upon extensive empirical research undertaken over the past four years across three countries (Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa) and employing historical and ethnographic methods. The collection shifts our understanding of xenophobia, as the system- atic construction of strangers supposedly threatening a local or national community, by focusing on local and urban scales. The Journal’s open section again features articles dealing with aspects from the whole range of topics of conflict and violence. Starting with an analysis of in- trastate conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa, the section then turns to the discussion of the antecedents of group-based compunction and anger and how they connect to colonial-related collective experiences. The subsequent contribution illuminates the specific issue of extremely violent behaviour by re- constructing its social shaping. And last not least the final paper in this issue discusses the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression in Greece, testing and validating the standard social psychological instrument for this phenomenon. We hope you enjoy reading as much as we do! March 2016 Andreas Zick, Steven F. Messner, Gary LaFree, and Ekaterina Stepanova urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2015231 IJCV: Vol. 9 (1) 2015 Xenophobic Violence and the Manufacture of Difference in Africa: Introduction to the Focus Section Laurent Fourchard, CERI, Sciences Po, Paris, France Aurelia Segatti, Honorary Researcher, African Centre for Migration & Society, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Vol. 9 (1) 2015 Editorial (p. 3) Focus Section: Xenophobic Violence and the Manufacture of Difference in Africa: Introduction to the Focus Section Xenophobic Violence Laurent Fourchard / Aurelia Segatti (pp. 4 – 11) and the Manufacture of Difference in Africa “Go Back and Tell Them Who the Real Men Are!” Gendering Our Understanding of Kibera’s Post-election Violence Caroline Wanjiku Kihato (pp. 12 – 24) A Reappraisal of the Expulsion of Illegal Immigrants from Nigeria in 1983 Daouda Gary-Tounkara (pp. 25 – 38) Collective Mobilization and the Struggle for Squatter Citizenship: Rereading “Xenophobic” Violence in a South African Settlement Tamlyn Jane Monson (pp. 39 – 55) Protecting the “Most Vulnerable”? The Management of a Disaster and the Making/Unmaking of Victims after the 2008 Xenophobic Violence in South Africa Lydie Cabane (pp. 56 – 71) Open Section The Domestic Democratic Peace in the Middle East Uriel Abulof / Ogen Goldman (pp. 72 – 89) Group-based Compunction and Anger: Their Antecedents and Consequences in Relation to Colonial Conflicts Ana Figueiredo / Bertjan Doosje / Joaquim Pires Valentim (pp. 90 – 105) The Secret Society of Torturers: The Social Shaping of Extremely Violent Behaviour Jürgen Mackert (pp. 106 – 120) Validation of the Greek Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) Scale: Examining Its Relationships with Sexist and Conservative Political Beliefs Alexandra Hantzi / Efthymios Lampridis / Katerina Tsantila / Gerd Bohner (pp. 121 – 133) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives License. ISSN: 1864–1385 IJCV: Vol. 9 (1) 2015, pp. 4 – 11 Fourchard and Segatti: Xenophobic Violence and the Manufacture of Difference in Africa 5 Xenophobic Violence and the Manufacture of Difference in Africa: Introduction to the Focus Section Laurent Fourchard, CERI, Sciences Po, Paris, France Aurelia Segatti, Honorary Researcher, African Centre for Migration & Society, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Over the past decade, the exploration of xenophobia, particularly of the violence xenophobia may unleash and its related effects on citizenship outside of Western Europe, has been limited. If there is a large body of research on autochthony and xenophobic practices in a number of African countries, much less is known on the outcomes of xenophobic violence and how it reshapes the making of authority, the self-definition of groups making claims to ownership over re- sources and the boundaries of citizenship. Analyses of collective violence in Africa have devoted much attention to conflict over land ownership, civil wars or vigilantism while quantitative studies have placed much emphasis on putative difference between labelled groups in the production of “ethnic violence”.