CHAPTER II LITERARY REVIEW B.1 Theoretical Frameworks B.1.1 Objective Approach To begin with, this research primarily applies the objective approach through psychoanalytical theory. Objective approach is approach that attempts to analyze complex system of interrelated parts. It is an approach that is based on literary work as a whole also sees a literature as an independent work. (Giyono, 2014) It is clear enough to explain about the objective approach that will be used in this research. Foremost, this research only focuses on the work itself to peel away about what is actually questioned. As cited by Bintang (2012), A. Teew says that, “structural analysis or objective approach is a stage where the literary research that is difficult to avoid, because this kind of approach allows an optimal research and used for psychoanalytic literary research, history, sociology, and so on." (Bintang, 2012: 10) B.1.2 Psychoanalytical Theory Regarding this, a certain theory to support the description is important to apply, including Freudian psychoanalytical theory. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory applied because he is one of many researchers who developed the psychoanalytic system while researching the mental disturbance that leads to the 10 Wladyslaw Szpilman’s Survival…, Hanifah Al Shofianthi, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015 mental disorder such as hysteria and compulsive neurosis. Psychoanalytical theory is a psychology from certain interest to the motivation, emotion, conflict, neurotical symptom, dreams and characters. Foremost, there are three structures of personalities In Freudian psychoanalytical theory; they are id, ego ad superego. Here, psychoanalytical theory is consequently important and beneficial to make visible the underlying reality conveyed within a novel. Id is an original system of personality. Id itself was taken along by men since they were born which called the innate instinct. Id itself arises because of the pleasure and unwittingly, by the values, ethics and the moral. Id is completely less organized and unconscious. Id is a biological aspect and the original system of personality. Id only pursues carnal lusts and without judging whether it is good or bad. Id is the unconscious part of the primitive in the mind, which was born along with this people. Ego is a personality system as opposed to the id. This ego steers to the object from the reality and the ego itself is a personality which authoritative, control and regulate. Ego itself appears because of the need to engage with the world of reality. Ego also controls what is being included in the consciousness in a person and what to do. Ego order is to defend one’s own personality and to adjust with surrounding environment. Then Superego, is a personality system that acts as a director or a judge for ego. Superego is the highest of personality system in human being which 11 Wladyslaw Szpilman’s Survival…, Hanifah Al Shofianthi, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015 gives guidance in the form of lines that set of actions that related to norms adopted. Superego itself is perfection of pleasure, because it can be regarded as the moral aspect of a human personality. Another function of the superego is block sexual or aggressive impulses which contested by the society, and then push ego for more moralistic than realistic and also looking for the perfection. Regarding this, it is very possible that would be a fight among those three aspects that causes the conflicts atmosphere among them are stronger, either from Id or Superego. If the impulse is too threatening and producing the anxiety, ego will form the defence mechanism. This mechanism is a mentality process that has a purpose to reduce the tension. As cited by Snowden (2006) defense mechanisms are initiated unconsciously when there are too much anxieties disturbing the ego. These anxieties have the potential to harm a person's mental health, making them vulnerable. Therefore, these mechanisms can be used as strategies to hide from anxiety.In psychoanalytic theory, defence mechanisms are psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality in order to defend against feelings of anxiety and unacceptable impulses to maintain one'sself schema. In last, this research applies the objective approach using the psychoanalytical theory because objective approach is an approach that is appropriate with this research as the research only focuses on the work to be 12 Wladyslaw Szpilman’s Survival…, Hanifah Al Shofianthi, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015 analyzed. Meanwhile, psychoanalytical theory is used since the discussion is about the main character, Wladyslaw Szpilman’s psychological conditions as a pianist when he faces the World War II. B.2 Review of Related Researches To support the academic values of this research, certain relevant researches and journal publications are referred to, particularly those which conceive of the psychological aspect within using psychoanalytical theory. The researcher tried to take one of another researcher’s researches who uses psychoanalytical theory by Bintang Kusuma. He tried to analyze deeper about the main character in Desire under the Elms and used objective theory about the works that he analyzed. He only took one female character in the drama that is Abbie Putnam who is very ambitious to have Ephraim Cabot’s land which is an inheritance from his first wife. She wanted to change that used to be dark in the past. This research is different from the previous research conducted by Bintang Kusuma. The topic will be discussed is different. In this study, the researcher only took a man character, a major character in The Pianist novel. The character’s name who did a survival during World War II is Wladyslaw Szpilman. Then, different from the research that was conducted by Bintang, this research focuses on the psychological aspects that was experienced by Wladyslaw Szpilman as the main 13 Wladyslaw Szpilman’s Survival…, Hanifah Al Shofianthi, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015 character. Another research is coming from Diyah Puji entitled A Psychological Analysis on the Main Character of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (Viewed from Karen Horney’s Theory). In her thesis, she tried to discuss about neurotic personality that is appeared in Robinson Crusoe’s personality. This research learns a lot from her thesis since the discussion is same, about the main character in the novel even with different point of view. Beside those two researches, the researcher also tried to open-mind with another source from Giovanny Mario’s A Psychoanalysis on the Main Character and The Author of Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Scarlet. Anyhow, if we take a look at his research and this research, the discussion is almost the same. The researches applied psychoanalytical theory and defense mechanism yet the difference is on the approach, while his research focus on the expressive approach which focus on the author as well “The main goals of this thesis are to find out the characteristics and the psychoanalysis of the main character from the novel, Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Scarlet by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as well as to find the connection between the author of the novel and the novel itself: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as Dr. John Watson”, and this research is only focus on the work, the novel entitled The Pianist. Furthermore, this research also learns a lot from Ira Veronica’s research which uses the same topic as this research. Veronica uses Oscar Schindler as his object to analyze, the novel that has a wartime background between Jews and Nazi. 14 Wladyslaw Szpilman’s Survival…, Hanifah Al Shofianthi, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015 The difference are in the setting of the story, while The Pianist is in Warsaw and Oscar Schindler in Krakow, then, The Pianist is a novel that comes from Jews point of view but Oscar Schindler comes from the Nazi point of view. Here, Veronica tries to reveal Schindler’s psychology when in the first time he occurs in the story, he becomes a man who thinks only about money and employs the Jews to make money, but in last, he saves a thousand Jews to live. Veronica applies psychoanalytical theory to analyze deeper about this case. In last, even she finds that Schindler’s id, ego and superego are imbalance, finally the imbalance results a good thing that Schindler’s does. All of the referenced researches and essays above are considered important to provide such tranquil paths for the comprehensiveness of this research conduct, and most particularly the use of Freudian psychoanalytical theories. B.2.1 Conceptual Frameworks This section explains the formal and material objects. The formal is “Wladyslaw Szpilman’s survival” as the main character on the novel; the material is “The Pianist”. Władysław "Wladek" Szpilman was a Polish pianist and classical composer, of Jewish origin. Descended from a long line of Polish Jewish musicians, Wladyslaw Szpilman first trained as a pianist at the Chopin School of Music in Warsaw. In 1931 he moved to Germany to further his studies at the Academy of Arts 15 Wladyslaw Szpilman’s Survival…, Hanifah Al Shofianthi, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015 in Berlin. After returning to Warsaw in 1933, he earned a growing reputation as a performer and composer of both classical and popular music. In 1935 he became house pianist for Polish State Radio in Warsaw. Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and when enemy bombardment forced the closing of Polish State Radio, Szpilman’s performance of Chopin’s C sharp minor Nocturne was the last live music broadcast. Szpilman continued to concertize and write new music after Warsaw’s Jews were resettled in the ghetto in October 1940. The all of thing that happened to him during the World War II is written by him in the book entitled The Pianist.