LOM Ann Jensen Adams The Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie and the Subject of Dutch Art History: The Market, the Scholar, and National Identity “To acquire a photograph of a van der Meer, I have done crazy things”, K wrote French critic Théophile Thoré in KRPP. When they invented the photograph in the KRL Js and M Js, little did Daguerre and his contemporaries envision that their creation would later turn an art lover into a raving lunatic. But one can appreciate Thoré’s excitement when we compare black and white photographs of Vermeer’s View of Delft or his Woman at a Virginal with the reproductive prints with which Thoré illustrated his se - ries of groundbreaking articles on the artist (figs. K, L). L In KRSM, Bernard Berenson enthused over the photograph, equating the invention’s significance for connoisseurship with the importance of the print - ing press for the study of texts. M The photograph, and the systems by which photographic collections have been ordered , have im - portantly shaped the history of our field. The earliest photographs reproduced line better than tone, so the first art book to reproduce paintings by means of photographs, William Stirling-Maxwell’s Annals of the Artists of Spain (KRNR), actually published calotypes of engravings after paintings. The first fully illustrated catalogue raisonné photographically reproduced Rembrandt’s etchings (KROM). N Shortly there - K W. Bürger [pseud. Théophile Thoré], “Van der Meer de tures”, in: The Nation (November KRSM), pp. MNP–MNQ; see Delft”, in: Gazette des Beaux-Arts , LK (KRPP), p. LSS: also Wolfgang M. Freitag, “Early Uses of Photography in “[P]our obtenir une photographie de tel van der Meer, the History of Art”, in: Art Journal , MS/L (KSQS/RJ), j’ai fait des folies”. pp. KKQ–KLM. L Located respectively, Koninklijk Kabinet van Schilderi - N William Stirling-Maxwell, Annals of the artists of Spain , jen, Mauritshuis, The Hague; The National Gallery, Lon - London KRNR, see Trevor Fawcett, “Graphic versus pho - don. tographic in the nineteenth-century reproduction”, in: M “Printing itself scarcely could have had a greater effect on Art History , S/L (June KSRP), pp. KRO–LKL, here pp. KRR– the study of the classics than photography is beginning to KRS. Charles Blanc, L’oeuvre de Rembrandt reproduit par have on the study of the Old Masters”, from: Bernard la photographie , Paris KROM. Berenson, “Isochromatic Photography and Venetian Pic - LON Ann Jensen Adams E Maxime Lalanne after Jan Vermeer, View of Delft from the South, in: Gazette des Beaux-Arts, vol. FE (ELJJ), between pp. FML and FMM F Jan Vermeer, View of Delft from the South, Koninklijk Kabinet von Schilderijen, Mauritshius, The Hague after, art lovers began to pour over photographs of paintings themselves. The minutes of the meeting on LP January KRPM of the recently founded Koninklijk Oudheidkundig Genootschap, Amsterdam, recorded that members examined “a few photographs after old and new paintings”. O By KSJK, W. Mar - tin Conway recommended that connoisseurs form photographic collections for study, and envisioned in some detail a comprehensive institutional collection of photographs that would create, in the words of his page headings, “A Museum of Photographs” that recorded the history of art. P The Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie and the Subject of Dutch Art History LOO Photographs figured prominently in the blockbuster exhibition of Rembrandt’s work mounted in the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, in KRSR. By the end of the nineteenth century, Rembrandt—both the man and his work—had become an icon of Dutch national identity. It seemed fully appropriate, then, to celebrate the coronation of Holland’s new queen, Wilhelmina, with an exhibition of the works of the “King of Dutch Artists”. Q Pulling together all of the etchings and MOJ drawings was not so diffi - cult. Although the city of Amsterdam owned only four paintings by the master, the organizers brought together an astonishing KLN paintings, including the Nightwatch , which had to be shoehorned in through a window. But if this was to be an exhibition suitable for a queen, comprehensiveness was necessary: the organizers’ goal was to display every known work by the artist. Given that by KRSR Rembrandt’s oeuvre stood at over OJJ paintings, KLN paintings was a pathetic percentage. R Not to be deterred, the organizers represented the remaining NJJ paintings—on the walls of the museum—with photograph - ic reproductions hung in a separate room The two themes that undergirded the exhibition, national identity and comprehensiveness, also lay behind the parliamentary act of KSLS that established the Dutch national photographic archive: the Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie in The Hague—fondly known to historians of Dutch art by its acronym, the RKD. Its founding purpose was to assemble an archive of photographs of all paintings ever produced by Dutch artists, in order to, in the words of the foundational Parliamentary act, “illustrate Dutch artistic history”. Today the website of the RKD asserts that it is the largest centre in the world for art-historical visual material, with “more than six million photographs, reproductions, and slides of paintings, drawings, sculpture, graphic arts, and design” covering the Middle Ages to the present. S At the core of the collection lie the photographs of old master Dutch paintings of the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries, some QJJ,JJJ strong. KJ I first began using this resource in the late KSQJ s while preparing my PhD dissertation, a monograph and catalogue raisonné of the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Thomas de Keyser. The RKD was an incredible boon: photographs of almost all works by the artist (and comparative works by his prede - cessors, contemporaries, and followers) were located in the same building, a handsome nineteenth- century structure across the street from the Mauritshuis Museum (fig. M). In contrast, a friend of mine, who was at the same time preparing a monograph on the seventeenth-century Italian painter Francesco Albani, found herself dashing all over Europe to consult photographs of works by her painter: to the Villani archive in Bologna to examine photographs of works produced or located in Bologna, to the Bibliotheca Hertziana and Gabinetto Fotografico Nazionale in Rome to examine photographs of works produced or located in Rome, to the Böhm archive in Venice, the Louvre in Paris, and the Witt Library in London. O “Eenige photographiën naar oude en nieuwe schilderi - de Groot, Rembrandt. Beschreibendes Verzeichnis seiner jen”, cited by Mattie Boom, “Een geschiedenis van het ge - Gemälde, mit den [IMI] heliographischen Nachbildungen. bruik en verzamelen van foto’s in de negentiende eeuw”, Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Kunst , R vols., Paris in: Voor Nederland. De verzamelingen van het Koninklijk KRSQ–KSJO. For a fine analysis of early Rembrandt con - Oudheidkundig Genootschap in her Rijksmusem bewaard noisseurship see Catherine B. Scallen, Rembrandt, repu - (Leids Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek KJ), Baarn KSSO, pp. KQM– tation, and the practice of connoisseurship , Amsterdam LSN, here p. LQQ. LJJN. P Sir W. Martin Conway, The Domain of Art , London KSJK, S http://english.rkd.nl/Collections, accessed KS August pp. KLS–KMQ. LJKJ. Q Pieter J. J. van Thiel, “De Rembrandt-tentoonstelling van KJ http://english.rkd.nl/Collections/Visual_Documentation/ KRSR”, in: Bulletin van het Rijksmuseum , NJ/K (KSSL), Early_Netherlandish_Painting/default_Early_ pp. KK–SM. Netherlandish_Painting, accessed KS August LJKJ. R Wilhelm Bode with the assistance of Cornelis Hofstede LOP Ann Jensen Adams G Study room, Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie, former location Korte Vijverberg, The Hague, EMJI Of course I, too, wore thin my Eurailpass viewing originals. But my work at the RKD tracing iconog - raphy and style was comfortable and civilized—tea was even brought to the drawings archive at M:MJ every afternoon. So while I worked in comfort, the system by which the photographs were ordered struck me as strange. Photographs of drawings were on the first floor, separated from photographs of paintings on the ground floor. Portraits were located in the Beelddocumentatie Portreticonografie (Iconografisch Bureau), a completely different department in the back of the building. Moreover— what puzzled me most about the ordering system—within each of these departments, boxes were filed on the shelves by iconographic subject, the number of whose subdivisions are staggering. Each genre— history, history painting, landscape, still-lives, genre painting, and portraiture—were again broken down, either by time period, or by a set of ‘stylistic schools’ that sometimes included separate categories for artists who are not always considered major figures today. (These individual categories appear to have been derived from a nineteenth-century taste for painters influenced by Italian art, and for the fine handling of paint, to which I return, below). The works of my artist, Thomas de Keyser, were— and still are—spread over boxes in no less than twelve different subject areas (fig. N). De Keyser was primarily a portrait painter. I soon discovered that many of his portraits were to be found not among the boxes of photographs of paintings but in another department entirely, the sepa - rate Iconografisch Bureau, where photographs—in all media—are arranged by sitter. While I was not spending my nights on trains dashing across over Europe in order to begin to assemble his oeuvre, I was traipsing all over the building—and had boxes on my study table from twelve different sections of the archive. In the remainder of this essay, I would like to consider the source of this idiosyncratic ordering, and the implications this has had for the subsequent study of Dutch art history. I suggest that, unlike the KK John Smit h, A Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the vols., London KRLS–KRNL, vol. K, KRLS, p. VI , and vol. Q, Most Eminent Dutch, Flemish, and French Painters , S p.