Tarakci Eren: Analysis of plant species used in urban open spaces: the Trabzon case - 9795 - ANALYSIS OF PLANT SPECIES USED IN URBAN OPEN SPACES: THE TRABZON CASE TARAKCI EREN, E. Department of Landscape Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey (e-mail: [email protected]; phone: +90-543-818-4642) (Received 26th Mar 2019; accepted 13th Jun 2019) Abstract. The implementation phase of the present study was conducted in 3 stages. In the first stage, the plant material used in the open green spaces in the urban center of Trabzon province was analyzed and plant inventory was investigated in these spaces to determine the species, characteristics and intended use of the plants. Thus, it was determined that 129 plant taxa were used in Trabzon public open green spaces. Forty-two taxa were indigenous to Turkey and 87 were exotic. It was identified that 34 were in the gymnosperm plant group and 95 were in angiosperm plant group. It was identified that 21 taxa were highly prevalent (5) in urban open green areas, 24 taxa were very prevalent (4), 35 taxa were moderately prevalent (3), 22 taxa were less prevalent (2), and 27 taxa were not prevalent (1). In the second stage, the objectives of planting and planting designs were investigated. It was determined that the plants were used for both aesthetic and functional purposes in these areas, but their aesthetic use was more common. In the third stage, the occupant satisfaction levels for the planting designs in these urban open green spaces were determined using a survey conducted with the occupants. Keywords: plant taxa, planting design, plant use, aesthetic and functional plant design, Trabzon, Turkey Introduction Turkey is one of the richest countries in indigenous vegetation. The presence of Mediterranean, Iranian-Turanian and European-Siberian floristic regions in Anatolia and their fusion in certain areas are the main reasons for this wealth (Davis, 1965-1988). Furthermore, diverse climate, and topographic, geological and geomorphological diversity, the presence of various aquatic environments such as seas, lakes and streams may be the other factors that affect herbaceous and woody plant diversity in Turkey (Turkmen, 1987; Özer et al., 2009). The most important factor is the presence of several topographic and geological structures in the country. Turkey, with around 9,000 plant species and 3000 endemic plants, is among the countries with the richest flora in its climate zone. The abundant plant diversity in Turkey expands the choices in plant use. Plants are used for a wide variety of aesthetic and functional purposes (Tarakci Eren and Var, 2016). Esthetically they have the potential of creating positive perceptions about the location due to their properties such as the fruits, flowers and color, their two or three- dimensional views due to planting design aspects such as lighting, shadows and reflections, providing color, texture and form aesthetics due to seasonal changes, providing aesthetics images with branches and barks, harmonic and contrast views created with other landscape elements, creating focus on one element, and the potential of decorative features due to the beauty of structural and vegetal properties (Tarakci Eren et. al., 2016; Tarakci Eren et. al., 2017). Functionally, they are used to create spaces, hierarchy in space, to emphasize structure in landscapes, to relate and connect various objects and spaces, to strengthen the topographic structure, to soften structural landscape, to create perceptual effects, for example, to make the space look more spacious, to create vistas, to provide inter-spatial APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(4):9795-9811. http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1704_97959811 © 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary Tarakci Eren: Analysis of plant species used in urban open spaces: the Trabzon case - 9796 - transition, to create attraction, to create a signal effect, to orient, to emphasize, to create focus, to allow the space to acquire character, to symbolize, to limit and create a border, to screen, to provide privacy and a habitat for the fauna and flora, to prevent erosion, avalanche and landslides, to reduce dust in the air and prevent noise, to balance the moisture and temperature, and to reduce the intensity of light in urban areas (Tarakci Eren et. al., 2018). Furthermore, objectives such as improvement of landfills, providing a comfortable and safe journey on highways etc. could be listed (Lorenz, 1975; Cepel, 1988; Ürgenç, 1990; Walker, 1991; Walker, 1991; Braun and Fluckiger, 1998; Beckett et al., 1998; Novak et al., 2000; Tarakci Eren et. al., 2017). With the transformation of urban open green spaces into built areas, unplanned or uncontrolled changes have led to the destruction and fragmentation of natural urban spaces. This forced the inhabitants to live under adverse environmental conditions and experience psychological, recreational and social problems. Today, natural and cultural green spaces are replaced by masses of buildings. The decrease in open green species, especially in the cities, leads to the deterioration of the urban ecological balance (Akpınar et al., 1992). In order to eliminate these problems, environmental planning is prioritized in urban spaces. Especially, the plants are very important in the design of relevant open-green spaces (Erenberk, 1992). Plants attract individuals and animals with their flowers, leaves, trunks, fruits and fragrances (Sakıcı, 2009). Plants undertake the tasks of enclosure, bordering, creating personal spaces, softening, revitalizing, filtering the sun, cleaning the air, providing a habitat for birds and introducing the nature to human life (Tyson, 1998). The potential benefits of living in contact with nature were explored by scholars in environmental psychology, and it has been widely accepted in environmental literature that association with nature has positive effects on human psychology. It was reported that individuals benefit from the direct interaction with the nature (active contact) and watching the flowers in a park or trees through a window or by just viewing it (passive contact), and even knowing that these areas exist nearby please the individuals and provide psychological benefits (Ulrich and Parson, 1992). Plants used in urban environment have functional benefits for the ecosystem such as saving energy, humidification (Beckett et al., 2000; Akbari et al., 2001) noise reduction (Çepel, 1988; Walker, 1991; Bayramoğlu et al., 2014), reduction of the effects of wind, dust and greenhouse effects (Novak et al., 2000; Akbari, 2001; Novak and Crane, 2002) preventing light reflections (Heisler, 1986; Walker, 1991; Heisler and Grant, 2000). Furthermore, plants are also quite important to remind the time to individuals due to seasonal characteristics such as early flowering, late coloration and long flowering (Sakıcı, 2009). Plant properties such as fragrance, edible fruits, seeds, color changes, as well as shading, visual buffer and wind chamber formation, especially creating wildlife habitat for birds and butterflies should be considered in plant selection. Non-stability of plants reminds us life. Birth, growth, death and re-existence, which are part of the life cycle, are events that we recognize by seasonal changes (Sakıcı, 2009). The growth and maturation of the flowers and the falling leaves in autumn remind individuals that the days pass quickly (Mcdowell, 1997). Plants also have several positive psychological effects. Plants play an important role in self-respect. In open green spaces, the planting design improves the value of the space, prevents monotony, allows for recreational activities and socialization. Urban open green spaces play a calming, relaxing role (Smardon, 1990). Landscape architects should design the landscape with knowledge on plant properties and their contribution to the space and should make decisions about APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(4):9795-9811. http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1704_97959811 © 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary Tarakci Eren: Analysis of plant species used in urban open spaces: the Trabzon case - 9797 - plant locations and plant species in the beginning of the design when conducting spatial arrangements. Unfortunately, several mistakes are made in plant design in current environmental arrangements. This also significantly affects the occupancy of the space. In the present study, the properties of the plant species preferred in the public open green spaces in Trabzon and their intended use were investigated, the occupant satisfaction levels were determined, and plant designs were analyzed. Materials and methods The study was conducted in the most heavily occupied green space in the province of Trabzon. Trabzon province is located in the Eastern Black Sea region. Trabzon is surrounded by Giresun province on the west, Gümüshane province on the south, Rize province on the east, and the Black Sea on the north. Trabzon province is between north 0° 33’ and 41° 07’ latitudes and east 39° 07’ and 40° 30’ longitudes. Surface area of the province is 4685 km², the population is 786,326 based on 2017 data. Beach Park (1), Ganita Beach Park (2), Zağnos Recreation Area (3), Square Park (4), and Turkish- Japanese Friendship Park (5) were included in the study area. These areas are marked in the Trabzon urban center map presented in Figure 1.