Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-1975 Cleopatra's influence on the Eastern policy of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony Linda Ricketts Neal Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the African History Commons, Asian History Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Neal, Linda Ricketts, "Cleopatra's influence on the Eastern policy of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony" (1975). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 21383. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/21383 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cleopatra1 s'influence on the Eastern policy of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony by Linda Ricketts Neal A Thesis Submitted to the - Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of ·· The Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: History Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames,_ Iowa · 1975 ii ;51 f5tl /?16 TABLE OF CONTENTS /11.25'3 Page· DEDICATIO· iii · INTRODUCTION 1 CH.APTER I. CLEOPATRA AND CAESAR 6 Caesar in Egypt after-the Alexandrian War 12 . Caesar in Rome, 46-44 B. C. 42 CI-3:APTER II. CLEOPATRA AND ANTONY 62 Antony in.Alexandria, 41,:_40 B,C. 69 Antony's Return to the East and the Parthian Campaign 77 Antony and Cleopatra, 34-30 B.C. 102 CB.APTER III. CONCLUSION 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY 120 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS · 130 /2..ll&CJ3 / iii DEDICATIO Carae Matri 1 INTRODUCTION The Mediterranean world in the last half of ~he first century B.c. was a theater of ambitious, strong- willed personalities, all gifted in the arts of Hellenistic politics, all striving for supremacy within and without .their territorial boundaries, all intertwined about the axis of obtaining and maintaining absolute power. It was a stage which for the most part had succumbed to the Victoria Romanus; the Roman military machine had achieved an exploitive dominance. Yet the last dying remnant of Alexander's successor kingdoms produced one of the most forceful of the dramatis personae in the theater of am- bitious personalities. Cleopatra VII ca.me to the throne of Egypt.when_ the kingdom was suspended in a state of semi- independence. She was intelligent, proud, full of charm' and determination, and unprincipled in matters of political opportunity and intrigue, the latter was a traditional characteristic of Macedonian queens. She entered the Mediterranean power arena at the age of eighteen. Acting against the pattern of diminishing Ftolemaic sovereignty, she sought not only to uphold her power against impending Roman annexation of Egyp~, but to expand her rule into former Ftolemaic territories and to restore the splendor of the Nile civilization to the Egyptian monarchy. 2 Cleopatra's unrelenting drive to-.maintain absolute . power in Egypt encountered the ambitions of Julius Caesar, Mark Antony,_ and Octavian.· All engaged in a contest of · political advantages in which Octavian ultimately proved himself the master. Alliances developed out of the power struggles. Those which were formed between Caesar and Cleopatra and Antony and Cleopatra had as their basis Caesar's and Antony's desire to structure their authority in the East into Hellenistic kingship. This ambition dominated the Eastern policy of the two Roman dictators from 46-JO B.c. Hellenistic kingship was an absolute form of rule initially patterned after Alexander's position as King of Asia by his Macedonian suooessors.1 Two generations after Alexander--specifically, in the reign of Ptolemy II of Egypt--the system gave rise to the cult of the king, a development perhaps not insignificantly affected by Orien- tal tradition as it came to be recognized in Asia and Egypt.2 The monarchy became enveloped with revealed divinity. 1ulrich Wilcken, Alexander the Great, trans, G._c. Richards, with an Introduction, Notes, and Bibliography by Eugene N. Borza (New Yorks w. w. Norton & Co., 1967), p. 272.-. 2Ibid., pp. 274-75; William Tarn and G. T, Griffith, Hellenistic Civilisation; 3rd ed. (London• Edward Arnold Ltd., 1952), pp. 48-53. Tarn and Griffith contend, ttif Macedonia made the monarchies of the Seleueids and the 3 The king was law incarnate and savior, one who--according to the·philosopher- Diotagenes--"has been metamorphosed into a deity among.men. 11 3 The cult of the king was an official state cult, and therefore developed apart from the Alexander pattern. Yet, as Wilcken has stated, "It is unmistakable that. the apotheosis of Alexander was a his- torical presupposition for this different sort of cult of the Hellenistic king, and exercised an indirect influ- ence on its origin. ••4 . · Caesar• s and Antony• s desire to obtain absolute mon- archy ·in.the East--that is, the Hellenized East, the area which constituted Alexander's empire.5--was stimuiated to a large extent by their emulation of Alexander the Great. Their relationship with Cleopatra intensified their Ptolemies, Asia and Egypt ma.de them what they were" (p. 49) •. Wilcken, however, states, "Oriental ideas and traditions · {were not} relevant, as 1s occasionally assumed" in the development of the ruler cult (p. 274)~ The issue is dis- puted and complicated together with the entire subject of the origin and early-practice of Hellenistic kingship as Borza observes in the notes to Wiloken•s work. (p. 346). · · 3E. :a. Goodenough, "The Poli tioa.l Philosophy of . Hellenistic Kingship," Yale Classical Studies 1 (1928), 68. Goodenough also·states that the Diotagenes' philosophy of kingship not only harmonizes with, but brilliantly 111wn1- nates, the official royal epithets of the period" (p. 99). 4w11oken, Alexander the Great, p. 274, · 5Two events create this definition of the area to which both Caesar and Antony were directing their ambitions. First, concerning Caesar's monarchy, is the impending 4 .attraction to kingship. Cleopatra was able, through the application of her personal charms and the advancement of her heritage--namely, her sovereign descent from Alexander · the Great--to effect their policy of obtaining monarchical powers in the East. She was guided in her efforts by her own desire to elevate her status from that of a client queen of Rome. This thesis seeks to define· Cleopatra's influence on the Eastern policy of Julius Caesar and.Mark Antony •. Since, as already stated• their policy was dominated by the desire Senate proclamation of 44 B.c. which was to ·have granted Caesar kingship over the Roman provinces,· probably the Eastern Roman provinces (Greece _and beyond; see chap. 1, pp. 58-59). Since Caesar was then on the verge of setting out on his Parthian campaign--the very event which had given rise to the proclamation since, according to an alleged oracle, Parthia could not be conquered unless by a king--1t can be assumed that this area, once conquered, would be added to his kingdom. The second event concerns Antony's monarchy. In the donations of .34 B.c., Antony charitably divided up the areas of the Hellenized East in- cluding Parthia and Media--for the most part lands- which· were not yet his to give--between his children and estab- lished himself as supreme overlord of the system (see chap. 2, pp. 105-6). From this, one can conclude that Antony desired to control the areas which were once a part of · Alexander's empire with the exceptions of Greece and Mace- donia, which were not mentioned in the donations and which perhaps better suited his triumviral control. The fact that both Caesar and Antony held Alexander as their model 1s a good indication that.it was his empire that they both wished to control as their kingdom. Therefore, the term · "East" as it 1s used 1n this thesis to describe the area ·to which Caesar and Antony were directing their ambitions should be taken to indicate the Hellenized East including Parthia and Media and perhaps, at least as far as Antony was concerned, exclusive of Greece and Macedonia. 5 to establish a monarchy in the East, the study examines the extent to which she affected their attraction to Hellenistic kingship. Its task is to determine the mani- festations of her -influence in the actions of Caesar and Antony. The subject calls for a final cautionary note in this introduction concerning.the approach of the classical authors to the topic of Cleopatra's influence on Antony's policy, The matter drew the venom of Octavian's highly successful propaganda.campaign. The result is an accumu- lation of classical works that to some degree reproduce the propaganda image. The material must be evaluated · accordingly. Special references to this situation occur in the text when the material renders them necessary. It will be shown through a consideration of all the evidence . that Antony's Eastern ·policy .was not subje_ot to Cleopatra's behest as the propaganda image submits, but:that his ·, alliance with Cleopatra--as well as Caesar's alliance with Cleopatra--was formed out of common interests and comple- mentary ambitions. 6 CHAPTER I. CLEOPATRA AND CAESAR Julius Caesar's desire to form his dictatorial authority in the East into absolute power according to the Hellenistic system of kingship was based• to a large degree, upon the Alexander model. Alexander the Great had become, not only for Caesar but for other Roman mili- tary dictators of the first century B.C., the prototype. in military affairs as well as in the structuring of po- litical policies.1 It was primarily through the Alexander ideal that Cleopatra was able to affect Caesar's Eastern policy--the extent of which will be revealed in the chaP- ter material--and attract him to an association with the Ptolemaic dynasty.