THE AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA PART- I VOLUME – I GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT OF AYUSH Contents | Monographs | Abbreviations | Appendices Legal Notices | General Notices Note: This e-Book contains Computer Database generated Monographs which are reproduced from official publication. The order of contents under the sections of Synonyms, Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka, Karma, Formulations, Therapeutic uses may be shuffled, but the contents are same from the original source. However, in case of doubt, the user is advised to refer the official book. i CONTENTS Legal Notices General Notices MONOGRAPHS Sl. No. Plant Name Botanical Name Page No. (as per book) 1 AJAGANDHË Cleome gynandra Linn 1 2 AJAMODË Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F.V.M.ex Benth 2 3 ËMALAKÌ(Fresh Fruit) Emblica officinalis Gaertn. 4 4 ËMALAKÌ (Dried) Emblica officinalis Gaertn. 5 5 ËRAGVADHA Cassia fistula Linn 7 6 ARKA (Root) Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. 8 7 ARKA (Leaf) Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. 10 8 ASANA Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. 12 9 AáOKA Saraca asoca (Rosc) DC Willd 14 10 AáVAGANDHË Withania somnifera Dunal 15 11 AáVATTHA Ficus religiosa Linn. 17 12 ATASÌ Linum usitatissimum Linn 19 13 ATIBALË Abutilon indicum (Linn) Sw 20 14 ATIVIâË Aconutum heterophyllum Wall. Ex Royle 22 15 BABBÍLA Acacia nilotica (Linn ) Willd. Ex . Del .Sp. Indica ( Benth ) Brenan 24 16 BËKUCÌ Psoralea corylifolia Linn 25 17 BIBHÌTAKA Terminalia belerica Roxb. 26 18 BILVA Aegle marmelos Corr. 27 19 CANDRAáÍRA Lepidium sativum Linn. 26 20 CITRAKA Plumbago zeylanical Linn 29 21 DHËNYAKA Coriandrum sativum Linn 30 22 DHËTAKI Woodfordia fruiticosa (Linn ) Kurz 32 ii 23 ERAÛÚA Ricinus communis Linn 34 24 GAMBHËRÌ Gmelina arbora Roxb 36 25 GOKâURA (Root) Tribulus terrestis Linn 38 26 GOKâURA (Fruit) Tribulus terrestis Linn 40 27 GUÚÍCÌ Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. 41 28 GUGGULU Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhand. 43 29 GUØJË Abrus precatorius Linn. 44 30 HARIDRË Curcuma longa Linn. 45 31 HARÌTAKÌ Terminalia chebula Retz. 47 32 HI×GU Ferula foetida Regel. 49 33 JATËMËêSÌ Nardostachys jatamansi DC 51 34 JËTÌPHALA Myristica fragrans Houtt. 53 35 KAMPILLA Mallotus philippinensis Muell-Arg. 55 36 KËØCANËRA Bauhinia variegata Blume 56 37 KA×KOLA Piper cubeba Linn. f. 58 38 KA×ÙAKËRÌ Solanum surattnse Burm.f. 59 39 KANYËSËRA Aloe barbadensis Mill 62 40 KARAØJA Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr. 63 41 KARAVÌRA Nerium indicum Mill 64 42 KARKAÙAáÎ×GI Pistacia chinensis Burgo 66 43 KËRPËSA Gossypium herbaceum Linn. 67 44 KAáERU Scirpus Kysoor Roxb. 68 45 KETAKI Pandanus tectorius soland. ex.ParKinson 69 46 KHADIRA Acacia catechu (Linn.f.) Willd. 70 47 KIRËTATIKTA Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham 71 48 KÎâÛAJIRAKA Carum carvi Linn 73 49 KULATTHA Vigna unquiculata (Linn.) Walp. 75 50 KUâÙHA Saussurea lappa CB. ClarKe 76 iii 51 KUÙAJA Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) A.DC 78 52 LAVA×GA Syzygium aromaticum (Linn.) Merr M.Perry. 80 53 LODHRA Symplocos racemosa Roxb. 82 54 MADANA Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb) Keay 84 55 MIáREYË Foeniculum vulgare Mill 86 56 NYAGRODHA Ficus bengalensis Linn 88 57 PËâËÛABHEDA Bergenia ciliata (Haw ) Sternb. 90 58 PËÙHË Cissampelos pareira Linn 92 59 PÍGA Areca catechu Linn. 94 60 PUNARNAVË Boerhavia diffusa Linn 95 61 SAPTAPARÛA Alstonia scholaris (Linn)R.Br. 97 62 áAÙÌ Hedychium spicatum Ham . Ex.Smith 99 63 SNUHÌ Euphorbia neriifolia Linn 100 64 SÍKâMAILË Elettaria cardamo0mum (Linn.) R.Br. 101 65 áUÛÙHÌ Zingiber officinale Roxb. 103 66 SVARÛAPATRI Cassia angustifolia Vahl. 105 67 áVETAJIRAKA Cuminum cyminum Linn 106 68 áVETA SËRIVË Hemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R.Br. 107 69 TAGARA Valeriana wallichii DC 109 70 TËMALAKÌ Phyllanthus fraternus Webst. 111 71 TVAK Cinnamimum zeylanicum Blume 113 72 TVAKPATRA Cinnamomum tamala (Buch-Ham)Nees & Eberm. 115 73 UDUMBARA Ficus racemosa Linn 117 74 UPAKUØCIKË Nigella sativa Linn 119 75 VARUÛA Carataeva nurvala Buch-Ham. 120 76 VËSË Adhatoda vaica Nees 122 77 VIÚAØGA Embelia ribes Burm.f. 123 iv 78 VIJAYË Cannabis sativa Linn 125 79 YAâÙÌ Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn 127 80 YAVËNÌ Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague ex Turril. 129 Appendix-1 1.1 Apparatus for Tests and Assays 1.1-Nessler Cylinder 1.2-Sieves 1.3-Thermometers 1.4-Volumetric Glass-ware 1.5- Weights and Balances Appendix-2 2.1 Testing Drugs 2.1.1- Systematic Study of Crude Drugs 2.1.2- Microscopic methods of Examining Crude Vegetable Drugs 2.1.3- Types of Stomata 2.1.4- Determination of Stomatal Index 2.1.5-Determination of Palisade Ratio 2.1.6-Determination of Vein –Islet Number 2.2 Determination of Quantitative Data of Vegetable Drug 2.2.1-Sampling of Drugs 2.2.2- Foreign Matter and Determination of Foreign matter 2.2.3-Determination of Total Ash 2.2.4-Determination of Acid Insoluble Ash 2.2.5-Determination of Water Soluble Ash 2.2.6-Determination of Alcohol soluble Extractive 2.2.7-Determination of Water Soluble Extractive 2.2.8-Determination o of Ether Soluble Extractive (Fixed Oil Content) 2.2.9-Determination of Moisture Content (Loss on Drying) 2.2.10-Determination of Volatile Oil in Drugs 2.2.11-Special Processes used in Alkaloidal Assays 2.2.11-a-Continuous Extraction of Drugs 2.2.11-b-Tests for Complete Extraction of Alkaloids 2.3 Limit Tests 2.3.1- Limit Test for Arsenic 2.3.2-Limit Test for Chlorides v 2.3.3-Limit Test for Heavy Metals 2.3.4-Limit Test for Iron 2.3.5-Limit Test for lead 2.3.6-Sulphated Ash 2.3.7-Limit Test for Sulphates Appendix-3 3. Physical Tests and determinations 3.1.1 - Determination of Boiling Range 3.1.2 - Determination of Congealing Range or Temperature 3.1.3 - Determination of pH Value 3.1.4 - Determination of Melting Range or Melting Temperature 3.1.5 - Optical Rotation and Specific Optical rotation 3.1.6 - Powder Fineness 3.1.7 - Refractive Fineness 3.1.8 - Weight per milliliter and Specific Gravity Appendix-4 4. Reagents and Solutions Appendix-5 General Informations 5.1- Shodhana of Crude Drugs 5.2- Definition and method of Preparing Kvatha or Decoction Appendix- 6 6.1- Weights and Measures 6.1- Approximate Equivalents of Doses in Indian System and Metric System Appendix- 7 7. Classical Ayurvedic References Index English equivalents of Ayurvedic clinical conditions and diseases Monographs published in Volume-II Monographs published in Volume-III LEGAL NOTICES vi In India there are laws dealing with drugs that are the subject of monographs which follow. These monographs should be read subject to the restrictions imposed by these laws wherever they are applicable. It is expedient that enquiry be made in each case in order to ensure that the provisions of the law are being complied with. In general, the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 (subsequently amended in 1964 and 1982), the Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930 and the Poisons Act, 1919 and the rules framed thereunder should be consulted. Under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (A.P.I.), Part-I, Vol. I, is the book of standards for single drugs included therein and the standards prescribed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. I would be official. If considered necessary these standards can be amended and the Chairman of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee authorised to issue such amendments. Whenever such amendments are issued the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. I, would be deemed to have been amended accordingly. vii GENERAL NOTICES Title - The title of the book is “Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of Name of the Drugs - The name given on the top of each monograph of the drug is in Sanskrit as mentioned in the Ayurvedic classics and/or in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India , Part-I and Part-II will be considered official. These names have been arranged in English alphabetical order. The Latin name (taxonomical nomenclature) of each drug as found in authentic scientific literature has been provided in the monograph in the introductory paragraph. The official name will be the main title of the drug and its scientific name will also be considered as legal name. Introductory Para - Each monograph begins with an introductory paragraph indicating the part, scientific name of the drug in Latin with short description about its habit, distribution and method of collection, if any. Synonyms - Synonyms of each drug appearing in each monograph in Sanskrit, English, Hindi, Urdu and other Indian regional languages have been mentioned as found in the classical texts, Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I and Part-II as procured from the experts, scholars of Ayurveda and officials in the field from different states. Italics - Italic type has been used for scientific name of the drug appearing in the introductory paragraph of each monograph as also for chemicals and reagents, substances or processes described in Appendix. Odour and Taste - Wherever a specific odour has been found it has been mentioned but the description as ‘odourless’ or ‘no odour’ has in many cases been avoided in the description, as large numbers of drugs have got no specific odour. The “odour” is examined by directly smelling 25 g of the powdered drug contained in a package or freshly powdered. If the odour is discernible the sample is rapidly transferred to an open container and re-examined after 15 minutes. If the odour persists to be discernible, it is described as having odour. The “Taste” of a drug is examined by taking a small quantity of 85 mesh powder by a tip of moist glass rod and applying it on tongue previously rinsed with water. This may not be done in case if poisonous drugs, indicated in monograph. Mesh Number - Wherever the powdering of the drug has been required the sieve “Mesh Number 85” has been used.