South Africa: Change and Confrontation, Report of a Study Mission to South Africa http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.uscg015 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org South Africa: Change and Confrontation, Report of a Study Mission to South Africa Alternative title South Africa: Change and Confrontation, Report of a Study Mission to South Africa Author/Creator Committee on Foreign Affairs; House of Representatives Publisher U.S. Government Printing Office Date 1980-07-00 Resource type Hearings Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa, United States Source Congressional Hearings and Mission Reports: U.S. Relations with Southern Africa Description Report of a visit to South Africa by Rep. Stephen Solarz, Chairman, Subcommittee on Africa, and Benjamin S. Rosenthal, Member, Committee on Foreign Affairs. Format extent 34 page(s) (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.uscg015 http://www.aluka.org 96th Congress I COMMITTEE PRINT 2d Session j SOUTH AFRICA: CHANGE AND CONFRONTATION REPORT OF A STUDY MISSION TO SOUTH AFRICA JULY 3-11, 1980 TO THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 71-210 0 WASHINGTON: 1981 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI, Wisconsin, Chairman L. H. FOUNTAIN, North Carolina WILLIAM S. BROOMFIELD, Michigan DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida EDWARD J. DERWINSKI, Illinois BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL, New York PAUL FINDLEY, Illinois LEE H. HAMILTON, Indiana JOHN H. BUCHANAN, JR., Alabama LESTER L. WOLFF, New York LARRY WINN, JR., Kansas JONATHAN B. BINGHAM, New York BENJAMIN A. GILMAN, New York GUS YATRON, Pennsylvania TENNYSON GUYER, Ohio CARDISS COLLINS, Illinois ROBERT J. LAGOMARSINO, California STEPHEN J. SOLARZ, New York WILLIAM F. GOODLING, Pennsylvania DON BONKER, Washington JOEL PRITCHARD, Washington GERRY E. STUDDS, Massachusetts MILLICENT FENWICK, New Jersey ANDY IRELAND, Florida DAN QUAYLE, Indiana DONALD J. PEASE, Ohio DAN MICA, Florida MICHAEL D. BARNES, Maryland WILLIAM H. GRAY III, Pennsylvania TONY P. HALL, Ohio HOWARD WOLPE, Michigan DAVID R. BOWEN, Mississippi BERKLEY BEDELL, Iowa GEO. W. CROCKETT, JR., Michigan JoHN J. BRADY, Jr., Chiefofsaff MCKEY HARMON, S¢affAubtant SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA STEPHEN J. SOLARZ, New York, Chairman CARDISS COLLINS, Illinois WILLIAM F. GOODLING, Pennsylvania WILLIAM H. GRAY III, Pennsylvania JOHN H. BUCHANAN, JR., Alabama HOWARD WOLPE, Michigan MILLICENT FENWICK, New Jersey JOHNIE CARBON, Subcommittee Staff Director STEPHEN D. NELSON, Minority Staff Consultant STEVE WEISMAN, Subcommittee Staff Associate DAviD FRANK, Subcommittee Staff Asnociate FOREWORD HousE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Wa8hington, D.C. This report has been submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs by Hon. Stephen J. Solarz, chairman of the Subcommittee on Africa, and Hon. Benjamin S. Rosenthal of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, who conducted a study mission to South Africa from July 3 to 11, 1980. The findings in this report are those of Representatives Solarz and Rosenthal and do not necessarily reflect the views of the membership of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI, Chairman. (M-I) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, COMMITTEE Washington, D.C. J. ZABLOCKI, Hon. CLEMENT Chariman, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: Since the National Party assumed power in South Africa in 1948, that country has adopted a unique national policy of racial segregation called apatheid. The continuation of this policy of constitutionally sanctioned discrimination over three decades has become an increasing source of concern in both Africa and the United States. In the United States, religious groups, student organizations, labor unions, and private foundations have all urged the United States Government to reexamine American policy toward South Africa. And in the Congress, a number of Members have introduced legislation restricting American cooperation and trade with South Africa until that country changes its existing racial laws. Absent any movement by the South Africa Government to alter its domestic policy, pressure in this country will continue to mount for the institution of new policies toward that country. In order to get a better understanding of South Africa's policies and to reexamine exisiting United States policy toward South Africa, we took a 9-day study mission to South Africa to assess firsthand what changes have taken place there and to determine what types of new initiatives-if any-the United States might pursue toward that country. We hope this report will lead to a better understanding of recent developments in South Africa and suggest a few alternatives in our current posture toward that nation. The views expressed in this report reflect the views of the study mission and not that of the Foreign Affairs Committee. STEPHEN J. SOLARZ, Chairman, Subcommittee on Africa. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL, Member, Committee on Foreign Affairs. CONTENTS page Foreword ----------------------------------------------------- III Letter of transmittal --------------------------------------------- v Introduction --------------------------------------- ------------- 1 Change: Real or cosmetic ------------------------------------------ 3 Labor reform ------------------------------------------------ 3 Influx control ----------------------------------------------- 5 Urban areas ------------------------------------------------- 5 Political changes --------------------------------------------- 6 Black and white attitudes ----------------------------------------- 9 White attitudes ---------------------------------------------- 9 Verligtes-moderates ------------------------------------------- 9 Verkramptes ----------------------------------------------- 12 National Party Verkramptes -------------------------------- 12 The civil service ----------------------------------------- 13 Black attitudes --------------------------------------------- 14 Urban blacks-------------------------------------------15 Independent homeland leaders ------------------------------ 17 Nonindependent homeland leaders --------------------------- 17 Coloured community attitudes ---------------------------------- 19 Prospects ----------------------------------------------------- 21 Role of the United States ----------------------------------------- 23 Zimbabwe's impact on South Africa ----------------------------- 24 Scholarships and education ------------------------------------ 25 U.S. business-fair employment codes ---------------------------- 25 U.S. business-bank loans ------------------------------------- 26 Krugerrand sales -------------------------------------------- 27 Passport policy --------------------------------------------- 28 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------- 29 (vin) INTRODUCTION During the 1970's, U.S. and other Western Officials concerned with African issues focused their attention primarily on political and social developments in Namibia, Zimbabwe, and the former Portuguese territories of Angola and Mozambique. In the process, political developments in South Africa were frequently overshadowed and often neglected. Now, as we enter the 1980's with Mozambique, Angola, and Zimbabwe independent and negotiations to resolve the Namibia conflict well underway, the attention of the international community has properly begun to shift toward South Africa. South Africa's system of apartheid has been a serious concern ever since it was established over three decades ago. Since the Afrikaner-dominated National Party took power in 1948, South Africa's internal policies have edged that country closer and closer to a major racial conflagration. Institutionalized and constitutionally sanctioned racial discrimination has systematically denied South Africa's overwhelmingly black population their patrimony and rele gated them to a legal status which makes them permanent sojourners and strangers in their own land. In recent years, more and more blacks have come to the conclusion that they have failed to improve their lot in any meaningful way through peaceful means. Protests, labor strife, and violence have consequently flared throughout the country on a recurring basis. The Government has reacted with a combination of tentative reforms and stern measures, including the arrest, deten tion, and banning of scores