Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY An economic approach to assessing the value of recreation with special reference to forest areas. Christensen, Jens Bjerregaard Award date: 1985 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 AN ECONOMICAPPROACH TO ASSESSI.NG THE VALUE OF RECREATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCETO FOREST AREAS Jens Rjerregaard Christensen (Cand. silv. ) Department of Forestry and Wood Science - University College of North Wales Bangor, Gwynedd U. K. December, 1985 ST COPY AVAILA L Variable print quality ABSTRACT Christensen, Jens Bjerregaard', 1985: An Economic Approach to Assessirv, the Value of Recreation viith Special Reference -to Forest Areas. -Unpubl. Th--.D. the-sis, University of Wales. 18jpp. Different methods of estimating the value of recreational areas are discussed with particular attention being given to socioeconomic methods - the survey method and Clawson's method. Aspects of consumer's surplus and aggregating welfare measures have been dealt with. A-Clawson method has been applied to empirical data from a forest area in Wales and data from a region in Denmark. In the case from Wales, it was found that 73% of all visitor groups in the sample were on holiday. In addition, for many visitor groups (48%) the visit to the forest area was just one part of the day's outing. Therefore, it was considered necessary to modify the Clawson method. Problems with the weighting of points for the trip demand curve have been given considei-able attention. The data from Denmark give rise. to consideration of the problem of substitute areas and a classification system was used to select population for the Clawson analysis. _zones Different models for the trip demand curve have been tested and the exponential was found to be the most appropriate. Key words: Recreation/ Consumer's surplus/ Welfare/ Clawson's method/ Weighting/ Yodels Preface -The work presented here has been undertaken as a Ph. D. study under the supervision of Dr. Colin Price at the Department of Forestry and Wood Science, University College of North Wales, Bangor, during the period May 197q. to January, 1982. The work has been funded by a scholarship from the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen (J. No. A. 4-4-2-36) and a grant from the Social Science Research Council, Copenhagen (J. No. 14-1834). TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF. STMBOLS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Background 1.2 Valuation of Recreation Forestry 1.3 Plan 3 1.4 Methods of Assessing the Economic Value of Recreation 3 1.4.1 Empirical Methods 3 1.4-1.1 Pure Economic Methods 4 1.4.1.2 Socioeconomic Methods 4 1.4.2 Normative Methods' 5 1.4.2.1 Rules of Thumb 5 1.4.2.2 Standards 6 1.4.3 Methods Based on Auxilliary and Substitute Values 7 1.5 Conclusion 7 2. WELFAREECONOMICS 2.1 Consumer's Surplus 8 2.2 Development 9 2.3 The Four Consumer's Surpluses 10 2.3.1 Compensating Variation (CV) 10 2.3.2 Equivalent Variation (EV) 13 2.3.3 Compensating Surplus 14 2.3.4 Equivalent Surplus 14 2.4 An Evaluation of the Consumer's Surplus 15 2.5 Compensating Variation, 'Consumer's Surplus' or Equivalent Variation - 16 2.5.1 The Hicksian Compensated Demand Curve (HCDC) 16 2.5.2 Willig's Approximation Formulae 18 2.6 Aggregation of Welfare Changes 21 2.6.1 Pareto Optimality 21 2.6.2 Kaldor - Hicks - Scitovsky Criterion 21 2.6.3 Little's Criterion 22 2.6.4 Explicit Equity Considerations 22 2.7 Conclusion 23 SOCIOECONOMICMETHODS 3.1 Survey Method 24 3.2 Clawson's Method -27 3.2.1 Problems and-Defects in the Clawson Method 35 3.2.2 Urban Applications 36 3.2.3 Homogeneity of Populations 37 3.2.4 Multiple Benefits from Trips 37 3.2.5 Reactiah. to Site "Entrance. Fees 38 3.2.6 Time Bias 40 3.2.7 Substitutes 45 3.2-7.1 Substitutes and Attractiveness. 51 3.2.8 Congestion 53 3.2.8.1 Estimating the Value of Recreation under Congestion 54 3.2.8.2 The Technique of Exclusion 56 3.2.9 The Functional Form of the Demand Function 57 3.2.10 Aggregation of Data 58 3.3 Conclusion 60 A SURVEY IN CWYDYRFOREST 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Methodology 66 4.2.1 The Descriptive Statistics 66 4.2.2 A Clawson Analysis 67 4.2.2.1 A Revised Clawson Method 68 4.2.2.1.1 Models for the Trip Demand Curve 73 4.2.2.1.2 Weighting of the Trip Demand Curve 75 4.2-2.1.3 A Comparison of the Weighting Methods 79 4.2.2.1.4 Bias Due tj Length of Stay 82 4.2-2-1.5 Zoning 86 4.2.2.1.6 Calculation of Consumer's Surplus 88 4.2-2-1.7 Fvaluation 94 4.2.2.1.8 Alternative Methods 95 4.2.2.2 A Traditional Clawson Method 98 4.2.2.3 The Computer Programme 99 4.2.3 Total Willingness to Pay_ 100 4.3 Results 101 4.3.1 The Descriptive Statistics 101 4.3-1.1 Stated Willingness to Pay 101 4.3-1.2 Estimated Running Costs for Cars 105 4.3.2 Results from a Clawson Analysis 106 4.3.2.1 Results from a Revised Clawson Method 106 4.3.2.2 Results from a Traditional Clawson Method 114 4.4 Summaryof Methods and Results 117 THE ECONOMICSOF FORESTRYRECREATION IN A REGION OF DENMARK 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Previous Work in the Field of Forestry Recreation Economics in Scandinavia 123 5.3 Project Forestry and Folk 128- 5.4 Methodology 130 5.4.1 Aims of the Study 130 5.4.2 The Region Investigated 133 5.4.3 Unit of Visitation 135 5.4-4- Zoning Unit 136 - 5.4.. 5 Unit of Travel Costs 137 5.4.6 The Data from PFAF 138 5.4*7 Distances 141 5.4-7.1 Distances for-Visitor Groups. 141 5.4-7.2 Logical Distances 142 ý5-4.8 Weighting 143 5.4.9 Selecting a Model for- the Trip Demand Curve 145 5.4.09.1 Models of Interest 145 5.4. q. 2 The Advantages of Using Fxponential Curvefits 146 5.4.10 Method s 148 5.4.10.1 Database 148 5.4-10.2 Clawson*Analysis 149 5.4.10.3 Computer"Programmes 150 150 5.5 -Results 5.5.1 -A Comparison of Methods 151 5.5-1.1 'Hareskoven og Jonstrup. Vang' 151 5.5.1 'Jaegersborg Dyrehave Hegn ' 154 .2 og m. v.. 5.5.2 Comparison of the Forests 157 , 5.5.3 All Forests as One 162 5.6 Conclusion 163 FINAL CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Multi-site Visits 168 6.2 Substitution Between Sites 169 6.3 Weighting of Data 171 6.4 Aggregation of Data 172 6.5 Functional Form of the Demand Regression 172 6.6 Integration of Consumer's Surplus 175 6.7 Some Outstanding Problems 175 6.8 The Evaluation of Forest Recreation 177 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .- 179 UTERATURE CITED ISO APPENDICES A-3.1 Calculating Clawson's Surplus from Recreation A. 3.2 Consumer's Surplus for R, A-3.3 Mathematical Derivation of Consumer' s Surplus Measure in Recreation A-3.4 The Value of R1 and R2 Together A-3.5 The Value of R2 when R, is closed A-3.6 The Value of R, after R2 is Introduced A-3.7 Including Cost of Time in the Evaluation of Rj- A-3.8 The Value of R1 under conditions of Excess Demand % A-4.1 Computer Programme CLAWSON A. 4.2 Modification of Data Files A-5.1 Comparison of Sample Estimate and Regression Estimate' % A-5.2 Computer Programme PFAFO1-FqR % A. 5.3 Computer Programme PFAF02.FOR-and PFAF03.FOR % A-5.4 Example of Output SECONDARYAPPENDICES (Stored at U. C. N. W. ) Chapter 4 Appendices begin-with 'B. ' Chapter 5 Appendices begin with"PSOF. ' %-separately bound LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Demand curve for-good Xi 8 2.. 2 Indifference curves -for quantity of good Xi and income Yi il - 2.3 The Hicksian compensated demand curve 17 3.1 The investigated area 29 3.2 The trip demand curve 30 3.3 The aggregate demand curve 32 3.4 Separate demand curves for each zone 42 3.5 The curtailed demand, curve 45 3.6 A recreation system with substitute areas 47 3.7 Aggregate demand curve for for area R2 49 3.8 Demand curves under congestion 54 4.1ý The separation of travel costs used in the revised Clawson analysis 70 4.2 Trip demand curve with negative visit rates 90 4.3 Conversion of Consumer's surplus 92 4.4 Trip demand curves disaggregated to holiday length 97 5.1 Map of North Zealand with investigated forests - marked 134a 5.2 North Zealand: Postal areas and Population Density 137a 5.3 The data from PFAF 138a 5.4 The creation of the data base 148a 5.5 An example of trip demand curves 149a 5.6 Trip_ demand and aggregate demand curves for 'Hareskovene og Jonstrup Vang' 151a LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Data for trip demand curve for area R, 29 3--2 Data for aggregate demand curve for area R, 32 3.3 Data for trip demand curve when time costs are included 44 3.4 Data for trip demand curve for area R2 48 3.5 Data for aggregate demand curve for area R2 48 3.6 Data for trip demand curve in the case of congestion 56 4.1 Distribution of interviews to sites 65 4.2 Length of stay in forest 68 4.3 Starting point distances and home point distances 71 4.4 A comparison of weighting methods 79 4.5 Predicted number of visitor groups 80 4.6 Conversion of length of stay to hours 85 4.7 Average travel costs for zones 86 4.8 Zoning system for visitors to Gwydyr Forest 83 4.9 Distribution of