Heliostat Cost Down Scoping Study Final Report ANU document reference: STG-3261 Rev 01 For public release Date of issue: STG-3033 Rev 01: 20 December 2013, STG-3033 Rev 02 (in ASTRI format): 22 October 2014; STG- 3261-Rev 01 (modified for public release): 12 December 2016 Heliostat Cost Down Scoping Study - Project Partners: (1) ANU (2) Flinders University (3) CSIRO (4) University of Adelaide (5) University of South Australia (6) Queensland University of Technology Contributors: Joe Coventry1, Jon Campbell 2, Yun Peng Xue 4, Colin Hall5, Jin-Soo Kim3, John Pye1, Greg Burgess1, David Lewis2, Gus Nathan4, Maziar Arjomandi4, Wes Stein3, Manuel Blanco3, John Barry6, Matt Doolan1, Wojciech Lipinski1, Andrew Beath3 Heliostat Cost Down Scoping Study – Final Report (modified for public release)| Page 1 ANU document reference: STG-3261 Rev 01 Copyright and disclaimer © 2013 ASTRI To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of ASTRI. Important disclaimer ASTRI advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, ASTRI (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. 1 Contents 1 Contents ................................................................................................................................................ 3 2 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 5 3 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 8 4 Current heliostat designs and developments ....................................................................................... 9 4.1 Heliostats offered commercially ............................................................................................... 10 4.2 Heliostats under development ................................................................................................. 11 5 The key to LCOE reduction .................................................................................................................. 17 5.1 Leverage of heliostat performance .......................................................................................... 17 5.2 The importance of O&M costs ................................................................................................. 18 6 Solar field design ................................................................................................................................. 19 7 Heliostat manufacturing and assembly .............................................................................................. 20 7.1 Heliostat manufacturing case study 1: Brightsource Ivanpah .................................................. 21 7.2 Heliostat manufacturing case study 2: Brightsource FAST ....................................................... 22 8 Heliostat size ....................................................................................................................................... 23 9 Wind loads .......................................................................................................................................... 25 9.1 Is it windy where it is sunny? .................................................................................................... 25 9.2 Static wind load ........................................................................................................................ 28 9.3 The dynamic wind load on the heliostats ................................................................................. 33 10 Mirrors ................................................................................................................................................ 36 10.1 Glass mirrors ............................................................................................................................. 36 10.2 Reflective films ......................................................................................................................... 38 10.3 Polished metal .......................................................................................................................... 40 10.4 Plastic mirrors ........................................................................................................................... 41 10.5 Anti-soiling coating for glass ..................................................................................................... 42 10.6 Structural mirror panels ........................................................................................................... 43 11 Production Methods for Mirror Supports........................................................................................... 45 11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 45 11.2 Design ....................................................................................................................................... 45 11.3 Plastics ...................................................................................................................................... 46 11.4 Metals ....................................................................................................................................... 49 11.5 Summary of production methods for heliostat supports ......................................................... 50 11.6 Issues to explore ....................................................................................................................... 51 12 Communications ................................................................................................................................. 52 12.1 Autonomous heliostats............................................................................................................. 52 12.2 Conventional communications systems ................................................................................... 52 13 Sun tracking systems........................................................................................................................... 53 Heliostat Cost Down Scoping Study – Final Report (modified for public release)| Page 3 ANU document reference: STG-3261 Rev 01 13.1 Horizontal primary axis heliostats ............................................................................................ 54 13.2 Target aligned heliostats .......................................................................................................... 55 13.3 Heliostat shape ......................................................................................................................... 57 13.4 Canting ...................................................................................................................................... 58 13.5 Low profile mirror panels ......................................................................................................... 60 14 Actuation systems ............................................................................................................................... 61 14.1 Pedestal mounted drive systems.............................................................................................. 61 14.2 GFC ............................................................................................................................................ 64 14.3 Flextronics ................................................................................................................................. 64 14.4 Linear drive systems ................................................................................................................. 64 14.5 Rim drive systems ..................................................................................................................... 65 14.6 Hydraulic drive systems ............................................................................................................ 66 14.7 Pipe-in-pipe drive system ......................................................................................................... 67 14.8 Backlash .................................................................................................................................... 68 15 Foundations ........................................................................................................................................ 69 16 Cost information ................................................................................................................................. 71 16.1 NREL (2013) .............................................................................................................................