Developing User-Informed Specifications for Refugee Shelters in Hot-Dry Climates: A study of the Al Za’atari Camp in Jordan Rania Fayez Abu Ramadan Ph.D. Thesis 2017 Developing User-Informed Specifications for Refugee Shelters in Hot-Dry Climates: A study of the Al Za’atari Camp in Jordan Rania Fayez Abu Ramadan School of the Built Environment, College of Science and Technology University of Salford, Salford, UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Philosophy, 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................... xvi ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................................. xvii DECLARATION.......................................................................................................... xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... xix Abstract ........................................................................................................................... xxi Chapter One ...................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction: Contextual Background ........................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background of the Research Study ...................................................................... 1 1.3 Research Need ...................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Research Aim ....................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Research Objectives ............................................................................................. 5 1.6 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 5 1.7 Research Organization and Structure ................................................................... 6 1.8 Scope of the Research .......................................................................................... 7 1.9 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................. 7 Chapter Two ...................................................................................................................... 9 Review of the Literature ................................................................................................... 9 Problem Definition ............................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Background of Refugee Camps............................................................................ 9 2.3 Camps in the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) .......................... 11 2.4 Camps as Temporary Camps and Informal Cities ............................................. 14 2.4.1 Temporary Camps ................................................................................................. 14 2.4.2 Growth into an Informal City ................................................................................ 16 2.5 Overview of the the Al Za’atari Camp ............................................................... 20 i 2.5.1 The layout of the Al Za’atari camp and current shelter design ............................. 23 2.5.2 Assumptions and Challenges ................................................................................. 26 2.6 Previous Studies of Shelters ............................................................................... 28 2.6.1 Illustrations of Implemented Shelters .................................................................... 29 2.7 Shelters Provided by Humanitarian Agencies .................................................... 35 2.8 The Meaning of Need ......................................................................................... 42 2.8.1 Theories of Human Needs ..................................................................................... 43 2.8.2 The Hierarchy of Needs-Maslow .......................................................................... 44 2.9 Refugees’ Needs ................................................................................................. 45 2.10 Shelter as a Basic Need ...................................................................................... 46 2.11 Adequate Refugee Shelters through Needs Understanding ............................... 47 2.11.1 Functional Efficiency ............................................................................................ 48 2.11.2 Shelter Performance .............................................................................................. 48 2.11.3 Local Context ........................................................................................................ 48 2.12 Hot-Dry Climates ............................................................................................... 48 2.13 The Al Za’atari Camp Weather (Al Mafreq City) .............................................. 50 2.14 Climate Affecting Design Factors ...................................................................... 51 2.15 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................... 51 Chapter Three ................................................................................................................. 53 Research Methodology ................................................................................................... 53 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 53 3.2 Purpose of the Research ..................................................................................... 53 3.3 Methodological Approach .................................................................................. 54 3.4 Connotations of Research Philosophy................................................................ 56 3.5 Philosophy of this Study .................................................................................... 58 3.6 What is Constructivism? .................................................................................... 59 3.7 Research Approach ............................................................................................ 60 3.8 Research Strategy ............................................................................................... 61 3.9 Design Science Method ...................................................................................... 64 3.10 What is Design Science? .................................................................................... 66 3.11 Design Science Explanation ............................................................................... 66 ii 3.12 Design Science via Behavioral Science ............................................................. 68 3.13 Design Science, Case Study and Action Research ............................................. 69 3.14 Why use Design Science in the Research?......................................................... 71 3.15 Research Techniques .......................................................................................... 77 3.16 Research Sample ................................................................................................ 80 3.16.1 Interview Process ................................................................................................... 81 3.16.1.1 Interview Design .................................................................................................... 81 3.16.1.2 Online Interviews ................................................................................................... 82 3.16.2 Questionnaire Process ........................................................................................... 83 3.16.2.1 Questionnaire Design ............................................................................................. 83 3.17 Pilot Survey ........................................................................................................ 84 3.18 Reliability and Validity of Data Collection........................................................ 85 3.19 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................... 88 3.20 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................... 91 Chapter Four ................................................................................................................... 92 Result Review and Analysis ........................................................................................... 92 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................