69084 Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Group Promoting Nature-Based Public Disclosure Authorized Tourism for Management of Protected Areas and Public Disclosure Authorized Elephant Conservation in Sri Lanka Public Disclosure Authorized Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction and Context .......................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 Nature-Based Tourism: Prospects and Potential .................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Tourism in Sri Lanka ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 The Approach .................................................................................................................................... 14 2.4 The Economic Impacts of Tourism: Spending Patterns .................................................................... 16 2.5 Economic Impact of Nature Tourism ................................................................................................ 17 2.6 Increasing the Economic Impact of Nature Tourism ........................................................................ 20 2.7 Opportunities for Financing National Parks and Forest Reserves .................................................... 24 2.8 Revenue Leakages ............................................................................................................................. 30 2.9 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 3 The Impediment to Elephant Conservation around Yala National Park—The Human-Elephant Conflict……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33 3.1 Introduction: Tourism and Conservation .......................................................................................... 33 3.2 The Approach .................................................................................................................................... 34 3.3 The Anatomy of Households and Livelihood Activities ..................................................................... 37 3.4 Human-Elephant Interactions ........................................................................................................... 43 3.5 Local Benefits of Tourism and Opportunities for Financing Conservation ....................................... 47 3.6 The Human-Elephant Conflict around Yala National Park, Sri Lanka: Conclusions .......................... 49 Chapter 4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 52 4.1 Revenue Potential from Nature-Based Tourism ............................................................................... 52 4.2 The Impediment to Elephant Conservation—Human-Elephant Conflict.......................................... 53 References .............................................................................................................................................. 54 Boxes Box 2.1 Willingness to pay ......................................................................................................................................................... 25 Box 2.2 Development scenarios for the parks/reserves ............................................................................................... 27 Box 3.1 Survey Design ................................................................................................................................................................. 35 Box 3.2 Chena cultivation and optimal habitats for elephants ................................................................................... 40 2 Figures Figure 2. 1 International tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka, 1998-2008 .......................................................................... 11 Figure 2.2 Tourist arrivals by region, total ........................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 2.3 Tourist arrivals by region, percent .................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 2.4 Perceptions of park attributes............................................................................................................................ 22 Figure 2.5 Percentage of park visitors who would return to Sri Lanka ................................................................. 24 Figure 2.6 International park tourists’ willingness to pay park entrance fees ................................................... 25 Figure 2.7 International nonpark tourists’ willingness to pay park entrance fees ............................................ 26 Figure 2.8 Local park tourists’ willingness to pay park entrance fees .................................................................... 28 Figure 2.9 Local nonpark tourists’ willingness to pay park entrance fees ........................................................... 28 Figure 3.1 Tenure rights on land where chena occurs in areas adjoining YNP .................................................. 38 Figure 3.2 Tenure rights on other land where chena occurs ..................................................................................... 38 Figure 3.3 Chena land use ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 3.4 Percentage of farmers engaged in seasonal chena cultivation ............................................................. 39 Figure 3.5 Seasonality of elephant problems .................................................................................................................... 44 Tables Table 2.1 Visitation at major attractions ............................................................................................................................. 13 Table 2.2 Public sector revenue from tourism (in SL Rs millions) ........................................................................... 14 Table 2. 3 Distribution of tourists, by type and location ............................................................................................... 15 Table 2.4 Number of international tourists by country of residence and purpose of visit, 2007 .............. 16 Table 2.5 Tourist expenditures per person, excluding airfare ................................................................................... 17 Table 2.6 Breakdown of expenditures per person per trip ($) .................................................................................. 17 Table 2.7 Direct and indirect economic impact of nature-based tourists in 20071 ........................................... 18 Table 2.8 Economic impacts of nature-based tourism spending in 2007 .............................................................. 19 Table 2.9 Overall site satisfaction by park tourists, percent ....................................................................................... 21 Table 2.10 Current and potential fees from visitors to National Parks/ Forest Reserves ............................. 30 Table 3.1 Details of sample allocation and coverage ...................................................................................................... 35 3 Table 3.2 Characteristics of chena cultivation ................................................................................................................... 39 Table 3. 3 Household characteristics ................................................................................................................................... 41 Table 3.4 Average income from different economic activities ................................................................................. 42 Table 3.5 Main issues facing chena cultivation ................................................................................................................. 42 Table 3.6 Attributes of elephant encounters ...................................................................................................................... 43 Table 3.7 Determinants of the likelihood and frequency of elephant encounters ............................................. 44 Table 3.8 HEC-related mitigation expenditures undertaken by farmers (values in SL Rs and percentage of households with positive expenditures in brackets) ................................................................................................ 45 Table 3.9 Effectiveness of electric fences (all values in percent) .............................................................................. 46 Table 3.10 Determinants of HEC losses .............................................................................................................................. 47 Table 3.11 Tourism employment and income in the survey area 1 ......................................................................... 48 Table 3.12 Breakdown of expenditures per person (US$) .......................................................................................