Plus Community Water Jal Nirmal and beyond: supporting the community management of rural water supply in Belagavi district, Karnataka Dr. M.S. Rama Mohan Rao & M.S. Raviprakash Centre of Excellence for Change, Chennai September 2015 BETA-DRAFT-FINAL Contents LIST OF FIGURES __________________________________________________________________ 3 LIST OF TABLES ___________________________________________________________________ 3 Acronyms _______________________________________________________________________ 4 Executive Summary ________________________________________________________________ 5 Acknowledgements ________________________________________________________________ 6 1 Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 7 1.1 Background to the topic and the Community Water plus project _____________________ 7 1.2 Overall objectives of the research and research questions _________________________ 7 1.3 Structure of the report _____________________________________________________ 8 2 Concepts and methodology _____________________________________________________ 9 2.1 Conceptual framework _____________________________________________________ 9 2.2 Methodology ____________________________________________________________ 10 2.2.1 Elements of research _________________________________________________ 10 2.2.2 Case study selection __________________________________________________ 12 2.2.3 Data collection and analysis ____________________________________________ 13 3 Enabling Service Entity ________________________________________________________ 15 3.1 Background and origin of the ESE, and context in which it operates _________________ 15 3.2 Enabling environment support activities and description _________________________ 17 3.4 Enabling environment institutional assessment _________________________________ 20 3.5 Enabling environment partnering assessment __________________________________ 21 4 Community Service Provider Level _______________________________________________ 23 4.1 Context and descriptors of the community service providers ______________________ 23 4.1.1 Shiraguppi village: ____________________________________________________ 24 4.1.2 Iddalahonda village: __________________________________________________ 24 4.1.3 Hirenandi village: ____________________________________________________ 24 4.1.4 Halaga village: _______________________________________________________ 25 4.2 Community service provider indicators _______________________________________ 26 4.3 Community service provider participation assessment ___________________________ 28 4.4 Community Service Provider Costing _________________________________________ 28 5 Household service levels _______________________________________________________ 30 5.1 Description of households _________________________________________________ 30 1 5.2 Household coverage and service levels _______________________________________ 30 6 Costing ____________________________________________________________________ 33 6.1 CapEx (Hardware & software)_______________________________________________ 33 6.2 Recurrent costs __________________________________________________________ 34 6.3 Capital maintenance costs _________________________________________________ 35 6.4 Overview of costs ________________________________________________________ 35 7 Conclusions _________________________________________________________________ 36 8. References _________________________________________________________________ 39 9 Appendix 1 _________________________________________________________________ 40 9.1 ESE Tables ______________________________________________________________ 40 9.2 Partnering assessment tables _______________________________________________ 44 9.3 CSP Activity and Responsibility Matrices ______________________________________ 46 9.4 CSP Performance Indicators ________________________________________________ 50 9.5 Participation assessment tables _____________________________________________ 56 2 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page No. 01 Application of plus approaches in relation to 10 demand and costs of water supplies 02 Elements of the research 11 03 Location map showing study villages 13 04 Organogram of the Department of RDWSD, GoK 16 05 Enabling Environment Partnering Assessment 22 06 Performance of CSPs across study villages 27 07 Participation assessment of CSP across study 28 villages 08 Villages allocated on the community management 36 continuum 09 Proposed sustainable drinking water strategy 38 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. 01 Sources of Data and Methods of Data Collection 14 02 Support activities and tools for Jal Nirmal villages 18 03 Support activities and tools for control village 19 04 ESE’s QIS (Qualitative Information System) indicators in Jal Nirmal 20 villages 05 ESE’s QIS indicators in control village (Halaga) 20 06 Salient features of study villages 23 07 Community Service Provider costing across study villages for the 29 year 2013-14 08 Distribution of households in terms of religion, caste and 30 economic status 09 Quantity of water by household in the villages 31 10 Accessibility of water by household in the villages 31 11 Water quality perception of water by household in the villages 31 12 Reliability of water supply by household in the villages (summer) 31 13 Reliability of water supply by household in the villages (non- 31 summer) 14 CapEx Hardware 33 15 CapEx Software 33 16 Total CapEx Costs per person 34 17 Costs involved in OPEX Direct Support 34 18 Water tariff collected to meet the expenditure (2013-14) 34 19 Total Costs per person 35 20 Comparison of Capex Costs between Software and Hardware 37 components per person 3 Acronyms AE – Assistant Engineer ARWSP - Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme CSP – Community Service Provider ESE – Enabling Support Entity G.P – Gram Panchayat GOI – Government of India GOK - Government of Karnataka IRWS&ESP - Integrated Rural Water Supply & Environmental Sanitation Project JE – Junior Engineer KRWSSA - Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency MNP - Minimum Needs Programme MVS – Multi Village Scheme NDWM - National Drinking Water Mission PPMU - Project Planning and Monitoring Unit PRED – Panchayat Raj Engineering Department PWSS - Piped Water Supply System RDWS & SD – Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Department RGNDWSM - Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission SVS - Single Village Scheme VWSC – Village Water and Sanitation Committee WB - World Bank 4 Executive Summary This case study analyses the support given by the World Bank assisted Jal Nirmal project for community managed rural water supply in Belagavi district, Karnataka. The study was undertaken by selecting three villages considered as best practice examples from Jal Nirmal – Shiraguppi, Iddalahonda and Hirenandi – and one control village that was not part of the programme. Jal Nirmal ran from 2002 to 2014 so the villages in this study are now supported under the Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Government of Karnataka. The case study considers both the historical support provided under Jal Nirmal and the current support arrangements. It indicates that the Jal Nirmal programme provided an effective support environment for community management and that the state government has built on this legacy to develop a professionalised support system that balances technical support with the specialist ‘softer’ support focused on empowering communities. In the three Jal Nirmal villages, the study found that water supply is effectively managed by communities through the Village Water and Sanitation Committees that are well-capacitated and resourced. Tariff payments are regular and above government norms meaning communities are able to cover most of the Operational Expenditure for rural water supply and deliver good quality services. In this regard, the case can be classified as a form of Community Management with Direct Support in which communities has successfully taken on the operation and maintenance of rural water supply. 5 Acknowledgements The present case study is part of the Community Water plus project, a three year research investigation funded by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of the Australian Government as part of the Australian Development Research Awards Scheme. The research is being undertaken by a consortium of partners including the Administrative Staff College of India (Hyderabad), the Centre of Excellence for Change (Chennai), Malaviya National Institute of Technology (Jaipur), Xavier Institute of Social Service (Ranchi), IRC from The Netherlands and Cranfield University, United Kingdom, who are also responsible for overall project Coordination. Dr.M.Snehalatha is the National Research Coordinator. This case study research was led by Dr. M.S. Rama Mohan Rao and Mr. M.S. Raviprakash. The researchers would like to extend sincere thanks to Mr. M.S. Vaidyanathan and Prof. Koodalingam for supporting the study. The Researchers wish to put on record our sincere gratitude to the Chief Engineer and other officials and staff of Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Government of Karnataka for creating the enabling conditions to undertake the study. Heartfelt thanks are extended to the officials and staff of Programme Management Unit located in Belgauvi and Raiker, EE, Belgauvi Division for facilitating in the selection of study villages. We are highly indebted to all the President of GPs and members of VWSCs of four study