Valence Bond Theory Ck12 Science Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) AUTHOR Ck12 Science To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, and web-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes the creation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooks that can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBook® textbooks). Copyright © 2016 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Com- mons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/about/ terms-of-use. Printed: September 26, 2016 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Valence Bond Theory CHAPTER 1 Valence Bond Theory • Define valence bond theory. • Describe how to use valence bond theory to explain aspects of covalent bonds. What happens next? We have seen that the old fish-hook idea of atoms connecting that Democritus liked so much just doesn’t work. Elec- trons don’t have little hooks on them, but they are the basis for connecting atoms to form molecules. You have learned how to write Lewis electron-dot structures for molecules and predict their shape using VSEPR theory. Now it is time to apply these abilities to understand how the electrons behave in their atomic orbitals when a covalent bond forms. Valence Bond Theory You have learned that a covalent bond forms when the electron clouds of two atoms overlap with each other. In a simple H2 molecule, the single electron in each atom becomes attracted to the nucleus of the other atom in the molecule as the atoms come closer together. An optimum distance, equal to the bond length, is eventually attained, and the potential energy reaches a minimum. A stable, single covalent bond has formed between the two hydrogen atoms. Other covalent bonds form in the same way as unpaired electrons from two atoms “match up” to form the bond. In a fluorine atom, there is an unpaired electron in one of the 2p orbitals. When a F2 molecule forms, the 2p orbitals from each of the two atoms overlap to produce the F−F covalent bond. The overlapping orbitals do not have to be of the same type. In a molecule of HF, the 1s orbital of the hydrogen atom overlaps with the 2p orbital of the fluorine atom (see Figure 1.1). In essence, any covalent bond results from the overlap of atomic orbitals. This idea forms the basis for a quantum mechanical theory called valence bond (VB) theory. In valence bond theory, the electrons in a molecule are assumed to occupy atomic orbitals of the individual atoms and a bond results from overlap of those orbitals. MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/184798 1 www.ck12.org FIGURE 1.1 A molecule of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Summary • Electrons occupy atomic orbitals. • Covalent bonds result from the overlap of atomic orbitals. Review 1. Where are electrons according to valence bond theory? 2. How do covalent bonds form? 3. Do the orbitals of the two electrons involved in the bond need to be the same? • valence bond theory: The electrons in a molecule are assumed to occupy atomic orbitals of the individual atoms and a bond results from overlap of those orbitals. References 1. CK-12 Foundation - Jodi So. 2. CK-12 Foundation - Jodi So. CK-12 Foundation. 2.