Directorate of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU JAMMU SELF LEARNING MATERIAL M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER -IV COURSE NO. POL-401 DYNAMICS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR POLITICS PROF. BALJIT SINGH DR. MAMTA SHARMA Course Co-ordinator In-Charge PG Political HOD, Deptt. of Political Sciecne, DDE, Sciecne, University of Jammu University of Jammu Printed and Published on behalf of the Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu by the Director, DDE, University of Jammu, Jammu http:/www.distanceeducationju.in M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE Course Contributors Editing & Proof Reading by • Anupma Sharma • Dr. Mamta Sharma • Dr. V. Nagendra Rao • Dr. Tirtharaj Bhoi • Dr. Mamta Sharma © Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2021 • All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the DDE, University of Jammu. • The script writer shall be responsible for the lesson/script submitted to the DDE and any plagiarism shall be his/her entire responsibility. Printed at : Jandiyal Printing Press / 2021 / Qty 1000 Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu , M A Political Science, Semester IV, Dynamics of Jammu and Kashmir Politics 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Writer Page Unit -I EVOLUTION : HISTORICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS 1.1 Evolution of J&K State: Historical Perspective. Tirtharaj Bhoi 2 1.2 Accession to Indian Union : A Critical Appraisal Tirtharaj Bhoi 14 1.3 Special Status of J&K and Article 370 : Rationale V. Nagendra Rao 26 and Implications & Tirtharaj Bhoi 1.4 State Subjects to Permanent Residents of J&K : Mamta Sharma 42 Rights under Article 35A. Unit -II POLITICAL STRUCTURES 2.1 Constituent Assembly : Composition, Debate Tirtharaj Bhoi 51 and Framing of the Constitution. 2.2 Accords and Agreements : 1952, 1974 and 1986 Tirtharaj Bhoi & 67 Mamta Sharma 2.3 Governance Structures : Legislative, Executive and Tirtharaj Bhoi 85 Judiciary 2.4 Institutions of Local Self Governance : A Critical Tirtharaj Bhoi 109 Assessment. Unit -III POLITICAL PROCESSES 3.1 Political Economy of Land Reforms : Dynamics V. Nagendra Rao 127 and Dimensions. 3.2 Major Political Parties in J&K Politics : Congress, V. Nagendra Rao 140 BJP, NC and PDP 3.3 Electoral Politics : Issues and Dynamics V. Nagendra Rao & 162 Mamta Sharma 3.4 Politics of Marginalized Groups : Women, Dalits V. Nagendra Rao 182 and Tribes. Unit -IV ISSUE IN J&K POLITICS 4.1 Autonomy and Regional Autonomy : Aspiration and V. Nagendra Rao 199 Politics 4.2 Separatist Politics : Organization, Leadership and V. Nagendra Rao 216 Strategy 4.3 Displacement : Issues and Impact V. Nagendra Rao 238 4.4 Peace Process : Internal and External Dimensions V. Nagendra Rao 254 SOURCES AND FURTHER READINGS Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu , M A Political Science, Semester IV, Dynamics of Jammu and Kashmir Politics 3 M.A. Political Science, Semester IV, Course No. 401, Dynamics of Jammu and Kashmir Politics UNIT - I: Evolution : Historical and Constitutional Basis 1.1 EVOLUTION OF J&K STATE: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. - Tirtharaj Bhoi STRUCTURE 1.1.0 Objectives 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 Historical Background 1.1.3 The Formation of J&K Princely State 1.1.4 Significance of Gulab Singh 1.1.4.1Treaty of Amritsar 1.1.5 The State under Succeeding Maharajas 1.1.6 Princely State at the Lapse of British Paramount 1.1.7 Let Us Sum UP 1.1.8 Exercise 1.1.0 OBJECTIVES In this lesson you will study major landmarks in the formation of Jammu and Kashmir princely State. After going through this lesson, you will be able to know : The historical and mythological significance of Kashmir; The contribution of Gulab Singh to the formation of the princely State of Jammu and Kashmir; Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu , M A Political Science, Semester IV, Dynamics of Jammu and Kashmir Politics 4 the other major landmarks in the post-Gulab Singh phase, till the State merged in the Indian Union. 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION The state of Jammu and Kashmir lie between 32º27´ and 33º30´ North latitudes and 74º19´ and 75º20´ East longitudes. It is almost entirely a mountainous region. Geographically, the state falls into four natural regions. In the south lies Jammu, the winter capital of the state; in the centre is the valley of Kashmir which contains the summer capital, Srinagar; to the north is Gilgit; and between the Kashmir valley and Tibet is the province of Ladakh. The state has a population of over 59,87,389 and it covers an area of 84,471 sq. miles. It has 58 towns 6758 villages. Situated at the apex of the Indio–Pakistan sub-continent, Kashmir is of great strategic importance owing to the fact, that to its east lie Tibet; to the north- east, Sinkiang, a province of China; to the north-west, Afghanistan and a few miles from Afghanistan lies Russian Turkestan. This actual and potential importance of Kashmir has caused the rulers of adjoining countries to cast covetous eyes on it. In 1846, the state of Jammu and Kashmir as it exists today was created by the British Government. To understand politics of contemporary Jammu and Kashmir, it is necessary to study the history of Kashmir, the mode of its creation, the history of its rulers and their efforts to get established in and maintain their hold on the people and the territory. 1.1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND There is an uninterrupted series of an ancient Sanskrit written record of its history, reaching back beyond the period of the Muhammadan conquests and deserving the name of real chronicle. Kashmir has, therefore a Sanskrit chronicle of the Muslim world or Hindu and reminiscent of the chronicle of the Muslims world or medieval Europe .The earliest extent and most important of these chronicles is the Rajatarangini (i.e. stream of kings) complied by Kalhana in about A.D. 1150. Kalhana had given an account of the region up to A.D. 1006, whereas Jonaraja up to A.D. 1420, Pandit Srivara upto A.D. 1489 and Pragya Bhatt upto A.D. 1586 when Kashmir was annexed by the Great Mughal Akbar. Since then the history and chronicles of Kashmir have Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu , M A Political Science, Semester IV, Dynamics of Jammu and Kashmir Politics 5 been written by many Sanskrit and Persian scholars as well as by many Western travellers. From the period of the first settlement in Kashmir to the region of Gonanda, the first Prince, the region was governed by a succession of fifty two kings of the Kaurava dynasty which ruled over it for a period of about 1266 years. In ancient India, Kashmir had an honoured place. The chronicles speak of a glorious king of Kashmir named Gonanda who was worshipped by the region which Kailasha lights up and which the tossing Ganga clothes with soft garments. Kashmir was a part of the empire of Ashoka who laid the foundation of city of Srinagar. He is said to have introduced Buddhism in Kashmir and sent about five thousand Buddhist disciples for its propagation. Many Buddhist monasteries, therefore, came up in Kashmir during his time. He also introduced the cultivation of Saffron in the Valley and took many steps to improve agriculture. The Buddhist faith had, however, received an impetus at the hands of the Indio-Scythian rules, particularly Kanishka, Husk and Juska. The Third Buddhist Council was held in Kashmir under Kanishka’s patronage and from that time Kashmir became the centre of Mahayana from where missionaries carried the doctrine to distant China, Central Asia and Tibet. But all the subsequent rulers were not supporters of Buddhism. As a result of the rise of Shiva cut and philosophy, Buddhism though lingered on for some years, but was finally replaced by the traditional Brahminism. Toleration, however, was the key note of religious policy even in those remote years and the people of different religious faith lived together amicably. After the commencement of the Christian era, the Valley was invaded by Tartaras. In the sixth century A.D. came the white Huns. The two other notable kings in Kashmir were Pravarsena II and Lalitaditya. Whereas, Pravarsen all reigned about 700 A.D., and built his capital on the site of the present Srinagar. Lalitaditya, being the most famous of the later Hindu Kings ruled over Kashmir in the middle of the eighth century and distinguished himself by his successful campaigns in Central and Western India and Central Asia. He is said to have subdued many kings in India in a tour of conquest for 12 years and then turned his attention to Central Asia and returned victorious via Tibet. It is recorded that he was a patron of art and culture and carried Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu , M A Political Science, Semester IV, Dynamics of Jammu and Kashmir Politics 6 out many public works and built many temples including Martanda temple. Mahmud of Ghazni is said to have attempted to invade Kashmir, but failed to effect entry. The subsequent political history of Kashmir for some hundreds of years was a succession of violent changes in which dynasty succeeded dynasty and some adventurer or other by his military talent acquired power. Towards the middle of 14th century the Muslim rule was established over the valley. This religion had found a fertile soil to grow and expand because the people had been groaning under the misrule of the later Hindu rulers, when trade had languished and agriculture was at standstill. The most notable of Muslim rulers was Sultan-Zain-ul-Abidin (1420-70 A.D.) who had worked zealously for the greater benefit of greater number and said to have introduced the vocations like carpet-weaving, paper-making, paper-mache, silk breading, horticulture, stone-cutting, stone polishing, bottle-making, gold-heating, shawl-weaving etc.