THE H ISTORY OF SOUTH C AROLINA WILLIAM G ILMORE SIMMS REVISEDY B .MARY C SIMMS OLIPHANT (WITH S UPPLEMENTARY CHAPTERS) MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS ADAPTED FOR USE IN THE SCHOOLS sue COLUMBIA, S . C. THE STATE COMPANY. PRINTERS 1918 PREFACE William G ilmore Simms, the editor's grandfather, wrote in 1840 for his children and for use in the schools "The History of South Carolina from Its First European Discov ery to Its Erection into a Republic." In 1860 the third edition of the history was published in which Simms brought the narrative down to that date. The editor offers in the present volume a revised and enlarged edition of the third edition of the work, intended primarily for use as a text book in the schools of South Carolina. Since W illiam Gilmore Simms gave his history of the State to the public, the researches of historians have brought to light many new facts about South Carolina's stirring past. In consequence, the editor has been obliged to make numer ous changes in many places in the original text to bring it into accord with views accepted comparatively recently but of unquestioned soundness. Other changes have seemed desirable and have been made in the interests of clarity of style and simplicity of diction. The editor trusts that these deviations from the text have not marred its graphic force nor sacrificed its virile interest. On t he other hand, in this edition of Simms' "History of South Carolina," the editor has tried to preserve faith fully certain aims set forth by the author in his preface to his second edition. Chief among these the author said was . to present such a history, "suited to the unprepared under standing and the ardent temper of the young" ... "as will enable them to satisfy their own curiosity and the in- ' quiries of others." It is as lamentable now as when Simms observed it in 1860 "to perceive the degree of ignorance in which our people live with regard to those events whioh made their ancestors famous, and which have given them 8 P reface. equal s tation and security." It is the editor's earnest hope that this book may in some degree remove this reproach by imparting a knowledge of South Carolina's history to the rising generation of its citizens. The n arrative of the State's development has been divided into seven periods, the first six of which culminate in mo mentous changes in South Carolina and the last of which gives important events in our own day. Chapters have been revised and written to cover specific events and stages in South Carolina's history without arbitrary effort to make them uniform in length. Therefore, the editor suggests that teachers who use this book will find that the numbering of the sections in the chapters will aid in assigning lessons equal in length to-'the pupils' ability. The e ditor/has spared no pains to make the text accurate. In this connection, she acknowledges her debt to practi cally all of the major historians who have written of South Carolina, as well as to a small host of pamphleteers and writers of historical articles. The editor lays no claim to settling in this little volume points in dispute about South Carolina's history. She has studied both sides of questions on which divisions of opinion exist and made the text con form to the view best supported by the weight of evidence. In c onclusion, the editor wishes to render her thanks gratefully to Mr. A. S. Salley, Jr., Secretary of the Historical Commission of South Carolina, for his invaluable aid in the preparation of the first three periods of this edition of Simms' "History of South Carolina," which he graciously read while they were yet in manuscript. Likewise, the editor's thanks are rendered to Professor A. G. Holmes, assistant professor of history at Clemson College; to Dr. Yates Snowden, pro fessor of history at the University of South Carolina; to Mrs.^Robert S. Bailey, teacher in the Barnwell Graded School; and to Mr. William Watts Ball of Columbia — each Preface. of w hom read parts of the book in manuscript. Their sug gestions and criticisms were most valuable. The editor is also grateful to Mrs. Thomas J. Fickling of Columbia, formerly professor of history at the College for Women, for her aid and constructive criticism, and to Dr. D. D. Wallace, head of the department of history and economics at Wofford College, for advice about the format of the book. The editor owes to many other friends a debt of gratitude for their encouragement and assistance in the preparation of this modest volume. Columbia, S . C, May, 1917. M. C. S. 0. CONTENTS I. S OUTH CAROLINA UNDER THE PROPRIETORS Chapter P age I. D iscovery and Settlement of Carolina 15 II. E nglish Colony on the Ashley 24 III. E xpansion of the Province 33 IV. Q uarrels Between Proprietors and People 38 V. W ars in the Province 48 VI. O verthrow of the Proprietors 60 H. S OUTH CAROLINA UNDER THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT. VII. E xpansion Under the Rule of the King 67 VIII. S lavery and Colonization 75 IX. T he Cherokee War „. 85 X. P rovincial Life 92 XI. R oyal Restrictions of Provincial Trade 102 XII. B reach Widens Between King and Carolina 109 XIII. T he Province Becomes a State 118 ffl. S OUTH CAROLINA DURING THE REVOLUTION ARY WAR. XIV. O pening of Hostilities with England 129 XV. T he Fall of Charles Town 139 XVI. R ising of the Partisans 150 XVII. T he Partisans Turn the Tide 166 XVIII. T he Partisans Capture British Posts 175 XIX. T he Partisans Drive British Coastward 185 XX. V ictory for the Partisans 193 12 C ontents. IV. S OUTH CAROLINA AS A STATE IN THE UNITED S TATES. Chapter P age XXI. S outh Carolina Enters Union of States 203 XXII. E conomic Development 212 XXIII. S outh Carolina in the War of 1812 220 XXIV. S tates' Rights Movement 229 XXV. T he Palmetto Regiment in the Mexican War 243 XXVI. W ar Between the Sections Inevitable 252 V. S OUTH CAROLINA AS A STATE IN THE CONFEDERACY. XXVII. O utbreak of Hostilities 265 XXVIII. P rogress of the War— 1862-63 275 XXIX. P rogress of the War— 1863-64 286 XXX. D ownfall of the Confederacy. 298 VI. S OUTH CAROLINA DURING RECONSTRUCTION. XXXI. S outh Carolina Under Radical Government.. 309 XXXII. O verthrow of Radical Government 320 VO. S OUTH CAROLINA IN RECENT YEARS. XXXIII. R etrenchment and Reform 335 XXXIV. R ebuilding the State 343 XXXV. D evelopment: Political and Agricultural.... 347 XXXVI. D evelopment: Social and Industrial 359 XXXVII. T he World War 366 I. SOUTH C AROLINA UNDER THE PROPRIETORS - CHAPTER I . DISCOVERYND A SETTLEMENT OF CAROLINA. 1. C arolina. The territory which came to be known as Carolina stretched along the Atlantic coast of North America as far north as Virginia and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. Westward the territory reached for hundreds of miles into the forested interior* of the continent. 2. T he Indians. The first European visitors to this section of the North American continent found it peopled by the Indians, a race of red men, "well formed in limb; having great and black eyes, with a cheerful and steady look; not strong of body, yet sharp-witted; nimble, and exceeding great runners." The Indians lived in log houses,1 covered with matting so as to be proof against rain and cold. They had boats, some of which were twenty feet in length, hol lowed by flint and fire from mighty trees. 3. E uropean Claims to Carolina. Three great nations of Europe contended on grounds of nearly equal justice for the right to the possession of this section of North America. England l aid claim, according to one group of writers, by virtue of a grant from the Pope. Another group of writers hold that her right to possess it was founded upon a supposed discovery of its shores in 1497-1498 by John Cabot and his son Sebastian — Italian sea captains, who were in the service of England. Spain c laimed this territory on the ground that Juan Ponce de Leon, under its commission, discovered, in 1512, a neighboring territory to which he gave the name of Florida. This name was made to cover a region of measureless extent. De Leon was beaten by the Indians and driven from the country.- In 1520, Vasquez de Ayllon made the shores of this territory at the mouth of a river to which he gave the 16 , T he History of South Carolina. namef o the Jordan. Here he was received, at first, by the natives with great timidity, the natural result of their won der at the strange ships and strangely clothed visitors. Their fear soon subsided, and kindliness took its place. They treated the strangers with good nature and hospitality. The country they called Chiquola. The Spaniards easily- persuaded the Indians to visit the ships. Watching the moment when the decks were most crowded, the treacher ous Spaniards suddenly sailed away, carrying nearly 200 of the red men to sell as slaves. The c laim of France rested upon the discoveries of John Verazzano, who reached the coast of what is now North Carolina, in 1524. Here he found the country to his liking. The forests were noble. The yellow sands seemed to him to promise gold, which was the chief thing he came to find.