Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat Development of a Regional Risk Management Framework for APEC Economies for Use in the Control and Prevention of Introduced Marine Pests A PEC MRC-WG: FINAL REPORT CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) Inter-American Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Development (ICSED) APEC Marine Resource Conservation Working Group Development of a Regional Risk Management Framework for APEC Economies for Use in the Control and Prevention of Introduced Marine Pests Edited by Angela T. Williamson CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) Nicholas J. Bax CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) Exequiel Gonzalez Inter-American Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Development (ICSED) Warren Geeves Introduced Marine Pests Program, Environment Australia (EA) APEC MRC-WG Final Report: Control and Prevention of Introduced Marine Pests CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS APEC MRC –WG FINAL REPORT Group A (Chilean Consultancy) Group B (Australian Consultancy) Dr Max Agüero (Project leader) Dr Nic Bax (Project leader) Inter-American Centre for Sustainable CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Ecosystems Development (ICSED) Marine Pests (CRIMP) Santiago, Chile Hobart, Australia Dr. Pedro Baez Dr Keith Hayes National Natural History Museum of Chile CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Santiago, Chile Marine Pests (CRIMP) Hobart, Australia Exequiel González Dr Marcus Haward Inter-American Centre for Sustainable Institute of Antarctic and Southern Oceans Ecosystems Development (ICSED) Studies (IASOS), University of Tasmania Santiago, Chile Sandy Bay, Australia Dr Chad Hewitt CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) Hobart, Australia Dr Alice Morris CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) Hobart, Australia Dr. Ron Thresher CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) Hobart, Australia Angela Williamson CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) Hobart, Australia APEC MRC-WG Final Report: Control and Prevention of Introduced Marine Pests Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. I FOREWORD .............................................................................................................IV PREFACE ..................................................................................................................V GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS..........................................................VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................IX Key Findings ......................................................................................................................................... ix Management Capabilities and Approaches........................................................................................ ix Priorities and hazards for APEC economies .......................................................................................x Considerations for a risk management framework............................................................................. xi Recommendations................................................................................................................................ xi INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 WHAT IS AN INTRODUCED MARINE PEST? ................................................................... 1 1.1.2 THE THREAT OF INTRODUCED MARINE PESTS AND PATHOGENS........................... 2 1.1.3 THE INTRODUCTION PROCESS ...................................................................................... 4 1.1.4 MANAGING THE THREAT.................................................................................................. 5 1.1.5 WHAT CAN APEC DO? ...................................................................................................... 6 1.2 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ........................................................................................... 6 1.4 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 8 MANAGEMENT CAPABILITIES AND APPROACHES............................................. 9 2.1 INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND AGREEMENTS........................................................ 9 2.1.1 GLOBAL RESPONSES ....................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 REGIONAL RESPONSES................................................................................................. 12 2.2 STATUS AND DISCUSSION OF APEC ECONOMIES........................................................... 13 2.2.1. AUSTRALIA .......................................................................................................................13 2.2.2. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM ................................................................................................... 18 2.2.3. CANADA ............................................................................................................................ 20 2.2.4. CHILE ................................................................................................................................ 22 2.2.5. CHINA (Peoples Republic of China).................................................................................. 25 2.2.6. HONG KONG, CHINA ....................................................................................................... 28 2.2.7. INDONESIA .......................................................................................................................29 2.2.8 JAPAN ............................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.9. KOREA (Republic of Korea) .............................................................................................. 33 2.2.10. MALAYSIA ......................................................................................................................... 35 2.2.11. MEXICO............................................................................................................................. 38 i APEC MRC-WG Final Report: Control and Prevention of Introduced Marine Pests 2.2.12. NEW ZEALAND .................................................................................................................42 2.2.13. PAPUA NEW GUINEA.......................................................................................................47 2.2.14. PERU .................................................................................................................................49 2.2.15. PHILIPPINES.....................................................................................................................52 2.2.16 RUSSIA (Russian Federation) ...........................................................................................56 2.2.17. SINGAPORE......................................................................................................................57 2.2.18. CHINESE TAIPEI...............................................................................................................59 2.2.19. THAILAND .........................................................................................................................61 2.2.20. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA .......................................................................................63 2.2.21. VIETNAM ...........................................................................................................................70 2.3 REGIONAL MANAGEMENT SUMMARY................................................................................71 2.3.1 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND INSTRUMENTS ................................................71 2.3.2 MANAGEMENT APPROACHES .......................................................................................71 2.3.3 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES AND EXISTING LEGISLATION ...................................73 2.3.4 SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................76 PRIORITIES AND HAZARDS FOR APEC ECONOMIES ........................................78 3.1 IMPACTS AND MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES ........................................................................79 3.1.1 POTENTIAL IMPACT ON MARINE USES AND VALUES IN APEC.................................79 3.1.2 MANAGEMENT PRIORITY RANKING..............................................................................81 3.2 VECTOR HAZARDS ................................................................................................................82 3.2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR VECTORS IN APEC REGION .........................................83 3.2.2 THE SCOPE OF VECTORS IN THE APEC REGION.......................................................87 3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING PATHWAY STRENGTH...................................................................90 3.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT PATHWAY STRENGTH