NuPECC Long Range Plan 2017 Perspectives in Nuclear Physics MEMBERS OF NuPECC Faiçal AZAIEZ / Navin ALAHARI (from July 2016) France Nicolas ALAMANOS France Eduardo ALVES Portugal Maria José Garcia BORGE Spain Angela BRACCO (Chair) Italy Pierre DESCOUVEMONT Belgium Jan DOBEŠ Czech Republic Jens-Jørgen GAARDHØJE Denmark Ari JOKINEN / Paul GREENLEES (from January 2017) Finland Sotirios HARISSOPULOS Greece Paul NOLAN / Rolf-Dietmar HERZBERG (from January 2017) United Kingdom Mikhail ITKIS JINR Dubna Tord JOHANSSON Sweden Bernd KRUSCHE Switzerland Karlheinz LANGANKE Germany Marek LEWITOWICZ SPIRAL2 Caen Adam MAJ Poland Ulf-G. MEISSNER Germany Matko MILIN Croatia Alexander MURPHY United Kingdom Eugenio NAPPI Italy Joakim NYSTRAND / Andreas GÖRGEN (from January 2017) Norway Boris SHARKOV / Paolo GIUBELLINO (from January 2017) FAIR Darmstadt Christelle ROY France Raimond SNELLINGS The Netherlands Hans STRÖHER Germany Ioan URSU Romania Jochen WAMBACH ECT* Trento Eberhard WIDMANN Austria György WOLF Hungary NuPECC Observer Members Calin Ur, Bucharest, Romania, for EPS, Don Geesaman, Argonne, USA, for NSAC, Kazuhiro Tanaka, Tsukuba, Japan, for ANPhA, Jens Dilling, Vancouver, Canada, for NSERC, Alinka Lépine-Szily, São Paulo, Brazil, for ALAFNA European Science Foundation (ESF) Jean-Claude WORMS, Chief Executive, Strasbourg Editors Angela Bracco, Gabriele-Elisabeth Körner, Bernd Krusche, Eugenio Nappi, Adam Maj, Alex Murphy, Joakim Nystrand / Eberhard Widmann, Jan Dobeš and Marek Lewitowicz Layout and production Mara Tanase, ELI-NP Photo Credits: ELI-NP Building Lego Model of Chart of Nuclide (Photo: Christian Diget) ALICE (CERN Document Server) PET Image of a rat heart (ATOMKI) FAIR (copyright: “ion42 für FAIR“) NuPECC would like to thank ELI-NP for the production of this book nuclear physics FOREWORD With this document NuPECC, the Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee, presents its Long Range Plan 2017. NuPECC's mission is “to provide advice and make recommendations on the development, organisation, and support of European nuclear research and of particular projects.” To this aim, NuPECC has in the past produced four long-range plans (LRPs): in November 1991, December 1997, April 2004 and December 2010. NuPECC in its October 2015 meeting at GANIL, Caen, France, initiated the process for the LRP 2017. It defined the subfields of nuclear physics to be addressed and established Working Groups spanning the areas of nuclear physics and its applications: Hadron Physics, Phases of Strongly Interacting Matter, Nuclear Structure and Dynamics, Nuclear Astrophysics, Symmetries and Fundamental Interaction as well as Applications and Societal Benefits. Two Conveners and three Liaison Members of NuPECC were assigned to each Working Group; their members selected to provide a broad representation of specific topics in the subfields. The Working Groups were given the charge to delineate the most exciting physics in their subfields, to highlight recent achievements, and to discuss the future perspectives. Draft reports from the Working Groups were presented and discussed at the NuPECC Meetings in 2016 at ECT* Trento in March, in Uppsala in June and finally in October in Vienna. A Town Meeting to discuss the NuPECC LRP was held at the “darmstadtium” in Darmstadt, from January 11 – 13, 2017. Preceding the Town Meeting, preliminary reports of the Working Groups were posted on the NuPECC website. The Town Meeting was attended by almost 300 participants, including many young scientists. The programme contained sessions on future large scale facilities, the European and international context including presentations from NSAC (USA), ANPhA (Asia) and CERN and reports by the conveners of the Working Groups. The Town Meeting concluded with a general discussion. Following the Town Meeting, NuPECC discussed and finalized the recommendations in its meeting at CERN in March 2017. During this period, the Steering Committee's members, acting also as editors, implemented changes and suggestions from the community made during and following the Town Meeting. The result of this effort is the present report “NuPECC Long Range Plan 2017: Perspectives for Nuclear Physics”. After a short introduction, the report features the recommendations of NuPECC for the development of nuclear physics research in Europe followed by a comprehensive chapter on large and smaller facilities, existing, under construction or planned. The various reports of the Working Groups follow in the order: Hadron Physics, Phases of Strongly Interacting Matter, Nuclear Structure and Dynamics, Nuclear Astrophysics, Symmetries and Fundamental Interaction and Applications and Societal Benefits. Europe has a leading position in nuclear physics research. It is through the collaborative effort of the European community that it can maintain such a position and advance it further. This Long Range Plan was established in a concerted action by the whole European nuclear physics community and its representative, NuPECC. It is strongly hoped that this plan will convince the European funding agencies to seek avenues for accomplishing the objectives outlined in the recommendations, in particular also those that go beyond the capabilities of an individual country. Angela Bracco (NuPECC Chair) for the NuPECC commitee Gabriele-Elisabeth Körner NuPECC Scientific Secretary INTRODUCTION SUMMARY AND In the following a list of recommendations resulting from interaction and discussion with the RECOMMENDATIONS community is presented. The overarching goal of nuclear physics is to unravel the fundamental properties of nuclei from Complete urgently the construction of the their building blocks, protons and neutrons, and ESFRI flagship FAIR and develop and bring into ultimately to determine the emergent complexity operation the experimental programme of its in the realm of the strong interaction from the four scientific pillars APPA, CBM, NUSTAR and underlying quark and gluon degrees of freedom PANDA. of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). This requires detailed knowledge of the structure of hadrons, the nature of the residual forces between nucleons FAIR is a European flagship facility for the coming resulting from their constituents and the limits of decades. This worldwide unique accelerator and the existence of bound nuclei and ultimately of experimental facility will allow for a large variety hadrons themselves. A thorough understanding of unprecedented fore-front research in physics is vital for the complex structure of nuclei, nuclear and applied sciences on both a microscopic and a reactions, and the properties of strong-interaction cosmic scale. Its multi-faceted research will deepen matter under extreme conditions in astrophysical our knowledge of how matter and complexity settings and in the laboratory. Nuclei also emerges from the fundamental building blocks of constitute a unique laboratory for a variety of matter and the forces among them and will open investigations of fundamental physics, which in a new era in the understanding of the evolution of many cases are complementary to particle physics. our Universe and the origin of the elements. Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts • The Super-FRS together with storage cooler are being made world-wide to address the central rings and the versatile NUSTAR instrumenta- questions of nuclear physics, which include: tion will allow decisive breakthroughs in the • How is mass generated in QCD and what understanding of nuclear structure and nucle- are the static and dynamical properties of ar astrophysics. hadrons? • The ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision ex- • How does the strong force between nucleons periment CBM with its high rate capabilities emerge from the underlying quark-gluon permits the measurement of extremely rare structure? probes that are essential for the understand- • How does the complexity of nuclear structure ing of strongly interacting matter at high den- arise from the interaction between nucleons? sities. • • What are the limits of nuclear stability? PANDA at the antiproton storage cooler ring HESR will provide a unique research environ- • How and where in the universe are the ment for an extensive programme in hadron chemical elements produced? spectroscopy, hadron structure and hadronic • What are the properties of nuclei and interactions. strong-interaction matter as encountered • APPA will exploit the large variety of ion beam shortly after the Big Bang, in catastrophic species, together with the storage rings and cosmic events, and in compact stellar ob- precision ion traps, for a rich programme in jects? fundamental interaction and applied sciences. These fascinating topics in basic science require concerted efforts in the development of new and increasingly sophisticated tools such as Support for construction, augmentation and accelerators and detectors. It is important to exploitation of world leading ISOL facilities in emphasise that knowledge and technical progress Europe. in basic, curiosity-driven nuclear physics has significant societal benefits including the training The urgent completion of the ESFRI facility SPIRAL2 of a highly skilled workforce and broad applications along with SPES and the energy and intensity in industry, medicine, and security. upgrade of HIE-ISOLDE (+ storage ring), including their unique instrumentation, will consolidate 4 INTRODUCTION the leading role of Europe. These ISOL facilities collisions which will be delivered by the LHC with low energy and reaccelerated exotic beams, in Run-3 and Run-4.