Section І: Defining the setting of monuments and sites: The significance of tangible and intangible cultural and natural qualities Section І: Définir le milieu des monuments et des sites‐ Dimensions matérielles et immatérielles, valeur culturelle et naturelle SETTING FACTORS AND JUDGING STANDARDS OF WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE Guo Zhan / China Vice President of Executive Committee and Secretary General of ICOMOS China Inspector of the Chinese State Administration of Cultural Heritage heritage, and its cultural context, properties may be Introduction understood to meet the conditions of authenticity if their cultural value (as recognized in the nomination criteria proposed) are truthfully and credibly expressed through a Since our international colleagues proposed the theme of variety of attributes including: this General Assembly, the inexpressible word “setting” has form and design; puzzled me. I am always trying to find an appropriate materials and substance; Chinese definition for it. Although I have thoroughly use and function; discussed its translation with a lot of linguists and experts on traditions, techniques and management systems; cultural heritage conservation many times, not one single location and setting; answer has ever satisfied me. At last, I can only use language, and other forms of intangible heritage; “HuanJing” (環境) in Chinese for its translation, but with spirit and feeling; the annotation . and other internal and external factors.” During my recent discussions with Mr. Jukka Jokilehto In other words, “setting” is concerned with authenticity and Professor Herb Stovel about this issue, they also agreed and integrity in the process of identification of World to the method of using explanatory note. Jukka thought that Heritage. In fact, it is also concerned with nomination, the significance of “setting” should be elaborated in light of monitoring and management of World Heritage. Hence, how the meaning of “context”. I quite agree with him. Thus, I add to understand and judge the “setting” factors and how to the following explanatory note: define different quality standards for the judgment become the most important concerns of the work of World Heritage. That in this case “HuanJing” describes the entire specific landscape and atmosphere created by the following elements: As we know, “setting” is forming an essential part of the the innate temperament of the heritage and especially the value of World Heritage – It directly affects people’s feeling ideas of existence, interrelationship and influence of the on the beauty and value of heritage. It also influences surrounding relevant natural and cultural materials. All people’s cognition and knowledge of history, science, culture related tangible and intangible cultural elements should be and tradition. Moreover, different analysis, research and included. These factors altogether give a complete and treatment towards “setting” factors must be conducted correct explanation of “setting”. I was told that there also according to the different objects in question. For example, isn’t a word for “setting” in French. This may reflect, from there may be difference between the primary environment another point of view, the complexity and importance of the and deuterogenic environment, between which there are also theme of this General Assembly. interaction and integration. The original environmental factors contained in towns, villages, societies which are In accordance with regulation Nº 87 of the new edition of created by human groups living in a natural region since the “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the ancient times all belong to primary environment, including World Heritage Convention” (hereafter referred to as the climate, mountains and rivers, animals and plants, Guidelines) which took effect in February 2005, “all typography and geology, and the mode of production, life properties nominated for inscription on the World Heritage style, social relations, customs, ethics developed during the List shall satisfy the conditions of integrity.” In addition, course of interaction between the original inhabitants and the according to regulation Nº 82 of the Guidelines, nature .Comparatively speaking, the deuterogenic “authenticity” has to include “setting” as one of its environmental factors are more complicated. In places with determining factors – “Depending on the type of cultural Monuments and sites in their setting-Conserving cultural heritage in changing townscapes and landscapes Section І: Defining the setting of monuments and sites: The significance of tangible and intangible cultural and natural qualities Section І: Définir le milieu des monuments et des sites‐ Dimensions matérielles et immatérielles, valeur culturelle et naturelle a foundation of human civilization or ceaseless significant proportion of the elements necessary to convey the totality natural changes, the cultural heritage resulted from the of the value conveyed by the property should be included. inflow of the culture of exotic groups will be inevitably Relationships and dynamic functions present in cultural influenced and restricted by the original environment, and at landscapes, historic towns or other living properties the same time exert influence on the original environmental essential to their distinctive character should also be relations, absorb and integrate deuterogenic environmental maintained.” Thus, in terms of standard of evaluation and factors. The spread of Buddhism and the communication identification of heritage, and also in terms of between oriental and western civilizations, such as the comprehensive, effective and sustainable conservation of environmental relations of the Silk Road, can all serve as heritage, factors and relationships of “setting” are no longer such proofs. acting as a foil from which heritage stands out in contrast, but they become the organic contents of tangible and Therefore, there are varieties of determining factors for intangible heritage. judging the quality standards of setting, including: nature, suitable valuing standard and the level of heritage Mr. Liang Sicheng, an authoritative figure on cultural conservation, historical background, natural conditions, heritage conservation in China, described the relationship other tangible and intangible objective conditions, social, between the environment and a single or a group of historic cultural and national traditions, and interrelationship and monuments by saying, “even the most beautiful flower influence of different forming factors, the relationship needs green leaves to highlight its beauty”. And nowadays, between the surrounding historical and cultural environment discussion of “setting” goes deeper. The “Venice Charter” and the background of the development of human mentions “setting” several times. It indicates that “the civilization.,etc. concept of a historic monument embraces not only the single architectural work but also the urban or rural setting Pondering the Requests for Requirement of the in which is found the evidence of a particular civilization, a Quality of Setting and Relevant Conservation significant development or a historic event.” Hence, the Charter believes that “the conservation of a monument and Management from a Viewpoint of the implies preserving a setting which is not out of scale.” Identification and Valuing Standard of World Besides, “a monument is inseparable from the history to Cultural Heritage which it bears witness and from the setting in which it occurs.” When defining World Cultural Heritage,the “Convention Concerning the Protection of the World There is also a similar viewpoint in the “Nara Document Cultural and Natural Heritage” (hereafter referred to as on Authenticity 1994” that “depending on the nature of the the Convention) mentions “their place in the landscape” cultural heritage, its cultural context, and its evolution and “works of man or the combined works of nature and through time, authenticity judgments may be linked to the of man”. In fact, both of these ideas represent “setting” worth of a great variety of sources of information. Aspects factors of heritage, as well as its relevant internal and of the sources may include form and design, materials and external relationships. substance, use and function, traditions and techniques, location and setting, and spirit and feeling, and other When the Guidelines mention the standard of evaluation internal and external factors. The use of these sources for integrity, the following factors must be stated clearly: a) permits the elaboration of the specific artistic, historic, includes all elements necessary to express its outstanding social, and scientific dimensions of the cultural heritage universal value; b) is of adequate size to ensure the being examined.” complete representation of the features and processes which convey the property’s significance; and c) suffers In short, “setting” is concerned with the united from adverse effects of development and/or neglect. representation of value of heritage. Setting, together with heritage itself, contains multiple and irreplaceable historical In addition, according to regulation Nº 89 of the information, artistic characteristics, scientific contents and Guidelines, “for properties nominated under criteria (i) to traditional atmosphere. It reflects the perfect integration or (vi), the physical fabric of the property and/or its harmonious association and transition between nature and significant features should be in good condition, and the