THE CONVERSION OF INDIA THE CONVERSION, OF INDIA FROM P ANTlENUS TO THE PRESENT TIME A.D. 193-1893 By GEORGE SMITH,, C.I.E., LL.D. AUTHOB OF TII& IJVB8 OJ' CABBY, 01' DENBY KARTnI', OF DUW, OJ' WILSON, OJ' B18LOP, OJ' frK)MEBVILLB, ETC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1893 ~ t : t ~-. 2 . !YJ '7 (3 t?1 PREFACE THE first of the Churches of the Reformation to hecome mi ••ionary was that of the Netherland.. The Dutch colony of New Netherland., in North America, lasted from the year 1609 to 1664. In 1628 the fir.t congre­ gation was organi.ed on Manhattan I.lam!, now New York. That was the earliest to work among the Red Indian.. What is now known as the Reformed (Dutch) Church of the United States of America has, moreover, estsbli.hed one of the mo.t remarkahle mi.sions in Briti.h India, the Arcot Mi•• ion. In 1888 one of the elder. of that Church, Mr. Nathan F. Grave., of Syrac08e, N.Y., wrote to the late W. V. B. Mabon, D.D., Professor in its Theological Seminary in New Brun.wick, N.J.: "I under.tsnd there i. no Seminary or Profe.sorship of Mis.ion. in the United Stste.... The re.ult was the estsblishment, by that benefactor, of a foundation like the Boyle Lecture of England, on which, in 1864, the late Dean Merivale delivered in the Chapel Royal, Whitehall, eight lectures on the Conversion of the Roman Empire, and, in 1865, eight lectures on the Conversion of the Northern Nations. The writer has .elected as the .ubject of the fifth course of Grave. 1ectures, THE CoNVERSION OF INDIA.. This volume contain. a .omewhat fuller treatment of that viii THE CONVERSION OF INDIA question, historically and practically, than was possible in the six lectures which he was appointed to deliver in the first fortnight of October 1893. But the book i. only an outline of the past history and of the process which i. going on before our eyes in India. The previous courses, on the same foundation, were delivered, in 1889, by .ix distinguished American mission. aries on their Own missions: in 1890 by Rev. John Hall, D.D., LL.D., of New York, on Missions from Apostolic to Modern Tim .. ; in 1891 by Rev. Arthur T. Pierson, D.D., formerly of Philadelphia, on The Divine Enterprise of Missions; and in 1892 by Rev. A. J. Gordon, D.D., of Boston, on the Holy Spirit in Missions. N APrER RoAD, MERCHIHTOY, EDINBUIWH, 13th O<bJiJ<r 1893. CONTENTS I. INrnoDuOTIoN- PAdJl , The Conversion of the Rom.&n Empire 1 The Conversion of the Northern Nations 1 The Conversion of India . 2 Tho Abrah&mie and tho Christian Canturi.. 2 Colonisation 88 a lrlissioD&ry Agency 3 India to be convorted by tho twe EngIish-spoaking Peeples 4 Tho historical Problom of Missionary Chriotianity 6 II, THE GBBE.. A'l'l'BHl'1'- Jewiah Trado... to wootom India , 8 Tho MOBOOOn Diecovery of HippaIua 9 P.triarchaleo of Aloxandria and Antioch 10 Pantom.., first historical Missionary to India 11 Thoophilua Indieua on Furlough 15 Nestoriua' . 15 The N estorian Missiona.ries 17 Tho Noatorian T.blet of Si,ngan,fu 19 A. Wylio'. Version of tho Inscription 21 Thrso Persian Crosses of S, India , 24 Dr, BurnoU'. Translation of th. luaeriptions 25 Extent of the Neatorian MissiODB 27 b viii THE CONVERSION OF INDIA question, historically and practically, than was possible in the six lectures which he was appointed to deliver in the first fortnight of October 1893. But the book is only an outline of the past history and of the proces. which is going on before our eyes in India. The previous courses, on the same foundation, were delivered, in 1889, by six distinguished American mi ..ion. aries on their Own mi88ions: in 1890 by Rev. John Hall, D.D., LL.D., of New York, on Mi88ions from Apostolic to Modern Times; in 1891 by Rev. Arthur T. Pierson, D.D., formerly of Philadelphia, on The Divine Enterprise of Missions; and in 1892 by Rev. A. J. Gordon, D.D., of Boston, on the Holy Spirit in l'rli88ions. NAPIER RoAD, MY.B.(..'HIITON, EDINBlTBOH, 13tA OdQ/,er 1893. CONTENTS I. INTRODUOTION- P.A.O. , The Conversion of the Roman Empire 1 The Conversion of tho Northern Nations 1 The Conversion of India . 2' The Abrahamio and the Christian Centnri.. 2 Colonisation sa a Missionary Agency 3 India to be converted by the two English-speaking Peoples 4 The historical Problem of Missionary Christianity 6 II_ TUB GRBEK ATrBIlPT- Jewish Trade.. to Western India _ 8 The Mo ......n Discovery of Hippalns 9 Patriarchates of Alezandria and Antiooh 10 Pantaonns, first historical Missionary to India 11 Theophilua Indiana on Furlough 15 N08torioa· . 15 The Neatorian Missionaries 17 The Nestorisn Tablet of Si-ngaD-fu 19 A. Wylie's Version of the Inscription 21 ThrIe Pe_ Oroeses of S_ India _ 24 Dr_ Bnrnell'. Trlnalation of the Ineoriptions 25 Extent of the N ..torlan Missions 27 b x TIlE CONVERSION OF INDIA P.o. Cosm.as, the Missionary Merchant 'l3 The Two N ..torian Remnants 30 III. Tn RoHAl< ATrEHPT- Saracen Invasion of Christendom, and the Crusades 82 Tartar Invasion or Europe, and the Council of Lyon. 33 Fim Envoy. &010 the Pope and France , 34 Marco Polo 38 His Account of the E.tension of ChriRtianity , 37 Franciscan and Dominican Misaionane. 38 John of Monte Co"ino, first to India 38 Jordanus 39 The Four MartyTo of Thma ' 41 Prince Henry the Navigator , 43 Cbrlotopher Columbus seeking India 44 His relAtion 10 the Couvemon or India 47 V .... do Gama lando at Calicut 43 "V.,._ of loseph the Indian" , 49 IV. FLLliClB XA.VIER ASD BI8 SUCCEHIOBI-TuE Dt:TCB ATRlIFr- The Letteto or FnlDcis Xavier , Protestant and Calviuimc Inft....... Foundation of the Company or 108D8 Xavier lando ill Western India His Wod; and hia lIethods The Results , His Choncter aDd Death JIiahop Cotton'a Yerdiet , Abbe Duhoia' Criticism , CONTENT\! xi P",,' The Mission of Archbillhop Men .... 65 The Malabar Rites &Ild the Chin... Rites 67 Bobert de N obilibns 68 Heotor de Britto 68 B. C. J. Bescbi 89 Jerome Xavier. N,ephew of Francis . 70 Akbar. Toleration of Cbristi&llity • 71 Boman Catholics in India now 72 Bomanist Missionary Controversy 74 The Dntch Attempt 76 Grotius and Baldams 77 Ceylon and the Failure there . 78 The true W &tchwords of the Missionary . 80 V. THB BRlTISB EAsT INDIA. CoMPANY'S WORX 01' PUPA- BATION- Qneen Elizabeth's Position 88 Ch&rtcr of the English E&&t India Compony 84 Sir Henry Moine's Enlogy of the Com_y 85 Subseqnent Ch&rtcra: the Pox EV&IlgOlica 86 From Qneen Elizabeth to the Queen·Empress Victori& 87 The Compony'a ..rly Ships, Factories, and Chep1aina 88 Haury Lord . 89 Cromwell, Oxendeu, and Mastera 90 The First English Church 91 C&lcutt& fonndad-The Chaplains 92 Clive BUd W .....n H&atings 95 Ziegsnb&lg begins the Coost Mission 95 Corey, Marahmon, and Ward begin the Bengal Miasion 95 Medical Missions begun • 98 Cbarl.. Grant and his InJluence 97 His great Treatise written in 1892 • 99 xii THE CONVERSION OF INDIA .... Parliamentary Debateo on the Charter or 1813 105 Wilberforce and Macanloy 105 Dr, C1audi .. Buchanan and Church Eetabliahment, 107 Anglo-Indian Stateomen .. Christiano , 109 The East India Compony. Hnmane Berorm. JlO Vision of Converted India JI I VL GBJr.A.T BRITAIN"S A:rrnlP'l"- Beading the Queen'. Proclamstion , JlS The Queen'. own Additions , 114 Toleration lint coaatitntionslly establiahed Jl5 Lord Canning". Opinion and Action Jl7 Cbriatian Movement among tbe Sikh Sepoy. Jl8 Lord Lawrence'. Minute or 210t April 1858 1\9 Neutrality ."d State Edncotion 121 The Penal Code • Teacher or Toleration , 123 Sir Henry 8nmner )!oj.. 123 HU Christian Morriage and Div..... Act, 1866 125 Toleration yet to be IIOC1IJed 126 lamee Thomuon·. F.ith 127 William ea..,. , ·128 Donald JoIitcbell, Hobert Neobit. and 10hn Wiloon , 130 AInander Da8' and 10hn Andenou 130 Lntheran Attempt cheeked by CuW . 131 The Great ~ 80cietia 131 Bible Trouolations , 132 Immediate ecm ... ersi.on and the Future 134 The Infant C1u,.,m teoted by )(art;yJdom 138 Gopinath Wandyand the Mutiny , 139 er..t Britain ODd America I'OIIIed , 143 India takea P_ or f« Christ 144 CONTENTS xiii PAOE VII. THE UNITED STATEs OF AMERICA'S Co-OPERATION- Foreign Missions the Foreign Politics of America. 145 Jon.o.s Micb'a.elius and JoannC8 Megapolensis 146 The Pilgrim Fathers and John Eliot 147 Scotland and the Bra.inerds 148 The Prayer Concert and Jonathan Edwards 150 Firat Mission to the Funjab and John C. Lowrie 150 Adoniram Judson . 151 Sir Henry Durand's Eulogy 153 Ann H. and Sarah Judson 155 Hall and Nott's Mission to the Marathas 157 Governors of India. and American Missions 157 Alexander D~s Visit to America . 159 Missionary Army of the United States' 160 Women Medical Missionaries. 163 Mary Seelye, M.D. 16~ John Scudder and the Scudder Family 164 Forty Yeara' Work in North Areot. 166 The Aim of Columbus being realised 168 VIII. THE METHODS OF THE E'"A.:sOELICAL .MIssION TO INDIA.- What India is 169 Meditations of a Hindu Prince 170 Men are more than Methode . 172 The Five Qwilifications of Missionaries 172 Rich Suoceasion of MissioIUlriea to India. 17. India dema.nde the Best Men and Women 176 Th. Lord'. Mcthoda 177 John Wilson on preaching to Hindus 178 Tho Literary Method-Bible Tranalation 179 The Missionaries on their own Seven Methods 181 xiv THE CONVERSION OF INDIA .