THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN RISK SOCIETY 1 THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN RISK SOCIETY: COVID-19 COVERAGE THROUGH BECK’S MODERNITY THEORY ____________ A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation from The Honors Tutorial College with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Journalism ____________ By Maggie Prosser April 2021 THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN RISK SOCIETY 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................... 3 III. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 5 A. RISK SOCIETY & MODERNITY THEORY ................................................................................... 5 B. RISK SOCIETY & THE MEDIA ................................................................................................. 9 C. RISK SOCIETY, PANDEMICS, & HEALTH NEWS COVERAGE .................................................... 17 D. COVID-19 & MEDIA COVERAGE ........................................................................................ 30 IV. RESEARCH QUESTIONS & METHODOLOGY.......................................................... 39 V. DISCUSSION & RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................... 41 A. SOURCING .......................................................................................................................... 41 A. LANGUAGE, SENSATIONALISM & FRAMING ........................................................................... 43 B. SPECIALIZATION & TRAINING .............................................................................................. 49 C. THE FUTURE OF JOURNALISM IN RISK SOCIETY .................................................................... 51 VI. LIMITATIONS, FUTURE RESEARCH & MY EXPERIENCE .................................. 54 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 56 THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN RISK SOCIETY 3 I. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the many parties who played instrumental roles in this thesis and my academic accomplishments. First, thank you to the Honors Tutorial College for welcoming me into this community and providing me with the opportunity to grow intellectually. Thank you to my thesis adviser and tutor, Thomas Suddes, who has been a guiding light over the last four years. He has been a mentor, confidant, and human encyclopedia through my academic and professional endeavors, and I am deeply indebted to him for his kindness. Finally, thank you to my parents, friends, and roommates for their unwavering love and support. My education has truly been a labor of love. For that, this thesis is dedicated to my grandfather, John Kurila — dearly known as “Bobby” to his grandchildren — who died in May 2020. A teacher and school administrator of 38 years, Bobby is remembered as an excellent educator, estimated to have touched the lives of over 3,500 students. While a serious and successful man, he was the life of the party. He enjoyed holidays surrounded by family; traveling for dance recitals, sporting events, and celebrations; and swinging a driver on any fairway — regardless of the weather — with his golfing buddies. Bobby instilled in me a fondness for northern Ohio and my Slovakian heritage, a strong worth ethic, and a love for education. I dedicate this thesis to his spirit and well-lived life. THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN RISK SOCIETY 4 II. Introduction Contemporary sociologist Ulrich Beck observed society inching toward an age of modernity characterized by increasingly low probability-high consequence risks. In modern-day “risk society,” industrialism has exacerbated natural resources, strained geopolitics, and degraded social welfare. Consequences of modernity — economic inequality, health inequality, resource deficits — challenge institutional control and leave society vulnerable. Now more than ever, there is an ethos of risk and a sense of uncertainty and insecurity on the precipice of social transformation. In late 2019 and early 2020, the world experienced outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, aptly named COVID-19, which devolved into a pandemic that has infected more than 144 million people and killed 3 million at the time of publication (World Health Organization, 2021). Journalists have been at the forefront of this public health crisis, shaping public opinion and perception of health risks. Journalism has proved critical in holding public officials accountable and shielding audiences from disinformation, despite a growing war on the media. This thesis examined the role of the media during pandemics, epidemics, and public health crises using narrative and historical data from past crises. It concluded that coverage of previous emerging infectious diseases and COVID-19 needs amelioration. Ultimately, this paper prescribes recommendations for practitioners to better address the needs of modernity and the role media will fulfill in a future risk society. THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN RISK SOCIETY 5 III. Literature Review A. Risk Society & Modernity Theory German social scientist Ulrich Beck pioneered four key sociological theories that help describe empirical changes and advancements in modern society: risk society, reflexive modernization, individualism, and cosmopolitanism. (Urry, 2014). His premiere work, “Risk Society,” argues unprecedented risks and hazards are a consequence of modernity. This theory has been regarded by international scientific organizations as one of the most influential sociological works of the century, and it has contributed to interdisciplinary debates and further research (Urry, 2014). In Beck’s theory, risks and hazards are the repercussion of accelerated scientific and industrial development, which modern humans have never before experienced (Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, 1992). For example, major industrial, scientific, and philosophical shifts in history correspond with increases in average human life expectancy, poverty rates, war-making capacity, energy output, gross domestic product per capita, and the expansion of democracy (Muehlhauser, 2017). Such periods include the Protestant Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, the British Industrial Revolution and its subsequent spread, and the World Wars (Muehlhauser, 2017). As shown in Figure 1, the arc of human evolution remained largely flat until the Protestant Reformation. However, it spiked at the plot point labeled “industry spreads to the periphery” in the 1700s and early 1800s, when the Industrial Revolution is generally agreed to have begun (Piper, 2018). Economic historian Joel Mokyr said in an interview with The Washington Post: “Until about 1800, the vast bulk of people on this planet were poor. And when I say poor, I mean they were on the brink of physical starvation for most of their lives. Life THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN RISK SOCIETY 6 expectancy in 1750 was around 38 at most, and much lower in some places. The notion that today we would live for 80 years, and spend much of those in leisure, is totally unexpected. The lower middle class in Western and Asian industrialized societies today has a higher living standard than the pope and the emperors of a few centuries back, in every dimension” (Swanson, 2016; Piper, 2018). THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN RISK SOCIETY 7 Figure 1: The impact of historical events on six measures of global well-being1 The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain and eventually spread globally, ushered radical changes from a traditional, agriculturally based economy to an economy based on large-scale production of manufactured goods (Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 2018). While this shift proved opportune, these advancements came with challenges, prominently urbanization. In America specifically, cities grew rapidly, which indirectly led to noise and air pollution, traffic jams, slums, and sanitation issues (Library of Congress, n.d.). These “incidental problem[s] of modernization” are risks, according to Beck (Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, 1992). Modern-day risks present themselves as issues like 1 (Muehlhauser, 2017) THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN RISK SOCIETY 8 climate change, labor exploitation, financial crises, cybersecurity, and a slew of over hazards consequential of exceptional scientific and industrial revolutions. Disasters are a symptom of risk society defined as natural or manmade acute collective traumatic or sudden events. Disasters range from hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes, to plane crashes, industrial accidents, and terrorist attacks (Vasterman, Yzermans, & Dirkzwager, 2005). According to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, an international disaster and conflict health studies hub, there has been a steady increase in disasters since the 1970s, and over 22,000 disasters have been recorded since 1900 (UC Louvain School of Public Health; Vasterman, Yzermans, & Dirkzwager, 2005). Researchers from the University of Amsterdam noted: “It is hardly a surprise that disasters occur more often now than in the past: The world is getting more crowded, air traffic is busier, terrorists are operating worldwide, and the world is much more dependent on complex, but vulnerable technological systems” (Vasterman, Yzermans, & Dirkzwager, 2005). Importantly, however, Beck asserts that humans do not yet live in a risk society but are rather