This page intentionally left blank. Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vi Introduction and Abstract ......................................................................................................... vii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................... ix Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ ES-1 ES.1 Project Background .............................................................................................. ES-1 ES.2 Summary of Purpose and Need ............................................................................ ES-1 ES.3 Alternatives Considered and Evaluated ............................................................... ES-1 ES.4 Summary of Environmental Consequences and Mitigation Measures ................ ES-2 ES.5 Section 4(f) ........................................................................................................... ES-3 ES.6 Public Participation and Agency Consultation and Coordination ........................ ES-3 ES.7 Next Steps in the NEPA Environmental Review Process .................................... ES-4 1.0 Purpose and Need .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Project Background .............................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Summary of Purpose and Need ............................................................................ 1-2 1.2.1 Economic Development ........................................................................... 1-2 1.2.2 Potential for Future Transit Connections ................................................. 1-4 1.3 Consistency with Local/Regional Planning ......................................................... 1-5 2.0 Alternatives ..................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Planning Background ........................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Alternatives Evaluated in This EA ...................................................................... 2-3 2.3.1 Light Rail Alternative B3 ......................................................................... 2-3 2.3.2 Streetcar Alternative ................................................................................. 2-3 2.3.3 Ancillary Facilities ................................................................................... 2-7 3.0 Transportation ............................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Public Transportation ........................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Safety and Security (Motorized and Non-Motorized) ......................................... 3-2 3.3 Parking ................................................................................................................. 3-3 3.4 Vehicular Operations ........................................................................................... 3-4 3.5 Permits and Approvals ......................................................................................... 3-6 Woodward Avenue Streetcar i Supplemental Environmental Assessment 3.6 Short-Term Construction Effects and Mitigation ................................................ 3-6 3.6.1 Transit ....................................................................................................... 3-6 3.6.2 Safety and Security (Motorized and Non-Motorized) .............................. 3-7 3.6.3 Parking ..................................................................................................... 3-7 3.6.4 Vehicular Operations ................................................................................ 3-8 4.0 Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences ........................................ 4-1 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Air Quality ........................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2.1 Legal and Regulatory Context .................................................................. 4-1 4.2.2 Methodology ............................................................................................ 4-2 4.2.3 Existing Conditions .................................................................................. 4-2 4.2.4 Long-Term Effects ................................................................................... 4-2 4.2.5 Short-Term Construction Effects ............................................................. 4-3 4.2.6 Mitigation ................................................................................................. 4-3 4.3 Hazardous Materials ............................................................................................ 4-3 4.3.1 Legal and Regulatory Context .................................................................. 4-3 4.3.2 Methodology ............................................................................................ 4-4 4.3.3 Existing Conditions .................................................................................. 4-4 4.3.4 Long-Term Effects ................................................................................... 4-5 4.3.5 Short-Term Construction Effects ............................................................. 4-5 4.3.6 Mitigation ................................................................................................. 4-5 4.4 Historic and Archaeological Resources ............................................................... 4-5 4.4.1 Historic Resources .................................................................................... 4-5 4.4.2 Archaeological Resources ...................................................................... 4-31 4.5 Noise .................................................................................................................. 4-33 4.5.1 Legal and Regulatory Context ................................................................ 4-33 4.5.2 Methodology .......................................................................................... 4-33 4.5.3 Existing Conditions ................................................................................ 4-33 4.5.4 Long-Term Effects ................................................................................. 4-37 4.5.5 Mitigation of Operational Noise ............................................................ 4-38 4.5.6 Short-Term Construction Effects ........................................................... 4-38 4.5.7 Mitigation of Construction Noise ........................................................... 4-38 4.6 Vibration ............................................................................................................ 4-38 4.6.1 Legal and Regulatory Context ................................................................ 4-38 Woodward Avenue Streetcar ii Supplemental Environmental Assessment 4.6.2 Methodology .......................................................................................... 4-38 4.6.3 Existing Conditions ................................................................................ 4-38 4.6.4 Long-Term Effects ................................................................................. 4-38 4.6.5 Mitigation of Vibration and Ground-Borne Noise Impacts ................... 4-39 4.6.6 Short-Term Construction Effects ........................................................... 4-40 4.6.7 Construction Mitigation ......................................................................... 4-40 4.7 Resources with Limited or No Effect ................................................................ 4-40 4.7.1 Land Use, Zoning, and Public Policy ..................................................... 4-40 4.7.2 Neighborhood Character ........................................................................ 4-41 4.7.3 Community Facilities and Services ........................................................ 4-41 4.7.4 Parkland .................................................................................................. 4-41 4.7.5 Visual and Aesthetics ............................................................................. 4-41 4.7.6 Utilities ................................................................................................... 4-42 4.7.7 Energy .................................................................................................... 4-42 4.7.8 Construction Impacts .............................................................................. 4-42 4.7.9 Roadways and Level of Service ............................................................. 4-42 4.7.10 Stormwater