The Function of Hospitaller houses in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales by Christie Majoros Doctor of Philosophy, Research School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University 2016 Christie Majoros –The Function of Hospitaller houses in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales Acknowledgements I would like to thank those excellent scholars who, during the course of this project, have assisted with suggestions, materials, knowledge, and encouragement: Jenny Benham, Judith Bronstein, Jochen Burgtorf, Nora Carlin, Peter Edbury, Alan Forey, Nicole Hamonic, John Lee, Anthony Luttrell, Victor Malia-Milanes, Colmán Ó Clabaigh, Gregory O’Malley, Simon Phillips, Jonathan Riley-Smith, Theresa Vann and the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library, Paolo Virtuani, Pamela Willis and the Library of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem at St John’s Gate, Clerkenwell. To my family and friends, my sincerest thanks for their endless supply of support and encouragement. To the Majoros Family, the Creightons, the Lawsons, the Lemons, the Dunnahoes, the Eriksons, the Irvine Family, Liz Wilkinson, my fellow Cardiff postgraduates, and the musicology students at Royal Holloway, University of London: ‘… I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me…’ To my husband Sean Dunnahoe, my great appreciation for his companionship, his superb editing skills, and his willingness to explain how to fix computer problems more than once. To Dr. Marie Kelleher for setting me on the path of medieval studies with a firm background and for George, the treacherous penguin, thank you. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Helen Nicholson who has so graciously and generously given of her time, expertise, and lemon tea these past four years, and who also understands the appeal of the Order of the ‘not-Templars.’ !i Christie Majoros –The Function of Hospitaller houses in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................i Introduction .......................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: Foundation and Composition ....................................................................12 Britain ..........................................................................................................................13 Ireland ..........................................................................................................................17 Grant Motivation .........................................................................................................19 Composition of the Houses .........................................................................................22 Relationship Between the Components of the English Langue ..................................27 Chapter Two: Finances ...................................................................................................33 The Holy Land .............................................................................................................34 Rhodes .........................................................................................................................37 Increasing crises in the East ....................................................................................40 Other issues .................................................................................................................42 The Templar Inheritance ..........................................................................................42 Royal demands ........................................................................................................46 Re-examination of the 1338 Report ............................................................................47 Responsions ................................................................................................................56 Later Centuries ............................................................................................................62 Chapter Three: Churches and Religious Matters .............................................................71 The Brethren ................................................................................................................72 Intellectual/ Religious Pursuits ....................................................................................74 The Sisters ...................................................................................................................77 Churches ......................................................................................................................83 The Wider Community ................................................................................................90 The Confraria ...............................................................................................................97 Chapter Four: Hospitals and Hospitality .......................................................................101 Hospitals ....................................................................................................................103 Charity .......................................................................................................................109 Hospitality ..................................................................................................................112 Ireland ........................................................................................................................118 Corrodies and Pensions .............................................................................................123 Chapter Five: Economy and Consumption ....................................................................129 Land ...........................................................................................................................130 Wool ...........................................................................................................................134 !ii Christie Majoros –The Function of Hospitaller houses in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales Other Animals ............................................................................................................137 Industry ......................................................................................................................142 Disposal and Consumption ........................................................................................143 Rents ..........................................................................................................................149 VII. Conclusion ...........................................................................................................156 Appendix .......................................................................................................................162 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................171 Unpublished primary sources ....................................................................................171 Primary Sources .........................................................................................................171 Secondary Sources .....................................................................................................178 !iii Christie Majoros –The Function of Hospitaller houses in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales List of Maps and Tables Map 1: Preceptories, Membra, & Camera .......................................................................23 Map 2: Possible Data Collection Route 1338 ..................................................................50 Table 1: Income for the Langue of England, 1319/ 1320 ................................................57 Table 2: Responsions for the Langue of England, 1319/ 1320 ........................................58 Table 3: Responsions paid by Catherine Burcher, Prioress of Buckland, 1520s/ 30s .....64 Table 4: Responsions paid from Scotland, 1520s/ 30s ....................................................66 Map 3: Hospitaller possessions in Ireland, 1212 ............................................................89 Table 5: Hospitaller Properties listed in the Report of 1338 .........................................162 !iv Christie Majoros –The Function of Hospitaller houses in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales Abbreviations AOM Valetta, National Library of Malta, Archives of the Order of Malta Cal. Inq. PM Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem and Other Analogous Documents Preserved in the Public Record Office.Vol. 7, Edward III., ed. H.C. Maxwell Lyte, London: Mackie & Co., 1909. Cal. Pat. Rolls Calendar of Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office, Edw. I to Henry VI, 1272- 1477. ed. H.C. Maxwell Lyte. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1900. Cart. gen. Cartulaire général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers de St Jean de Jérusalem, 1100–1310. 4 vols,. ed. Joseph Delaville le Roulx., Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1894- 1906. CCR Calendar of Close Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office, Edw. II to Richard II, 1313- 1392. ed., H.C. Maxwell Lyte., London: Her/ His Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1896- 1922. CDI Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland Preserved in Her Majesty’s Public Record Office, London, Vols. 1 & 5., ed. H.S. Sweetman and