REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN 2456-0170 KAKODUMBARA (Ficus hispida L.f.) – A PRAGMATIC REVIEW 1Dr. Aathira Sreekumar 2Dr Lalitha B R 3Dr Chaithrika G K 4Dr Deepika N 1PG Scholar 2Professor & HOD, Department of Dravyaguna 3PG Scholar 4PG Scholar Government Ayurveda Medical College, Dhanwantari road, Bengaluru Karnataka ABSTRACT Kakodumbara is an uncelebrated medicine in the present time. The botanical source is Ficus hispida L.f., which rightly gives an idea about the hirsute nature of this Fig. Ethnomedically Kakodumbara have been used in the treatment of various diseases like, vitiligo, ulcers, psoriasis, hepatitis, dysentery and purgative. Kakodumbara (Hairy Fig) has been mentioned in Brihatrayees as well as in Nighantus (Lexicons) in the treatment of Shwitra (Leucoderma), Menorrhagia and Bleeding disorders. Kakodumbara contains wide varieties of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, proteins, sterols, phenols and terpenes. Few of the traditional medicinal values attributed to Kakodumbara have been established through various research works. Its useful part is Fruit which is not taken other than medicinal purpose. The present review is an effort to give a detailed account of review on Ayurveda literature, Botanical description and Powder microscopy. KEYWORDS: Kakodumbara, Ayurveda, Ficus hispida INTRODUCTION Over Centauries plants have been used as different classical texts with special medicine by the Mankind. Few medicinal reference to Pharmacognosy. plants are yet to be explored completely. AYURVEDA LITERARY REVIEW Kakodumbara is a tree found in wild, fruits ONOMATOLOGY resembling fig fruit but more hairy as the The word Kakodumbara means kakanam botanical name (Ficus hispidaL.f.) suggests hrisvodumbara (small fig fruit which is and is distinguished from other Ficus species eaten by crows)1.The word Ficus in Latin because of the presence of opposite leaves refers to Fig, Fig tree; Hispida is a as the synonym Ficus oppositifolia Roxb. derivation of Latin word ‘hispidus’ which propose. In the classical texts of Ayurveda, means hairy or bristly2. Kakodumbara is mentioned in the treatment SYNONYMS OF KAKODUMBARA1,3 of Switra (Leucoderma), Vrana (Wounds), Katina (Fruits are hard) Kushta (Skin diseases), Daha (Burning Kharapatri (Leaves are scabrous) sensation), Atisara (Diarrhoea) and Jaghanephala (Fruits appears on the trunk) Raktapitta (Bleeding disorders). This drug is Phalabharika (Fruits appears in bunches) yet to be explored for its wide range of Rajiphalgu (Fine streaks on Fruits) utilities. Hence in this article an attempt is Switrabheshaja (Medicine for Leucoderma) made to review on Kakodumbara from Kushtaghni (Cures Skin diseases) 1352 www.ayurpub.com Sep-Oct 2019 Vol IV, Issue 5 Aathira Sreekumar Al: Kakodumbara (Ficus Hispida L.F.) – A Pragmatic Review CHRONOLOGICAL LITERARY REVIEW VERNACULAR NAMES15 1. In Brihattrayee, In the context of English: Hairy Fig Shwitrachikitsa Kakodumbaraphala rasa Kannada: Kaduatthi along with guda is mentioned4,5,6. Tamil: Ottannalam, Peyatti 2. In Chakradatta, Kakodumbaraphala is Telugu:Boddamatti, Kakamedi mentioned in Raktapitta Chikitsa7 Malayalam:Erumanakku, Peyatti 3. In Yogaratnakara Kakodumbaraphala Hindi:Gobla, Kagsha rasa is mentioned in the treatment of Arab: Tinebarri Asrigdhara and Kakodumbara is included in BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONS16 the treatment of Pradara8. Habit - A shrub or small tree, all parts more GANA/VARGA` or less hispid- pubescent; internodes hollow. Table No.1: Showing Gana/ Varga Leaves – usually opposite, petiolate, Classical Text Gana/Varga membranous, 10-30 by 5-15 cm, ovate, Charaka Samhita4 Sramahara oblong or subovate, apiculate or shortly and Bhavaprakasha VargaVatad ivarga abruptly acuminate, toothed or entire, the 9 10 Dhanwantarinighantu nighantu Amradi varga lower surface hispid-pubescent, the upper 11 Kaiyyadeva Nighantu Oushadi varga surface hispid-scabrid, base rounded, Madanapala Nighantu12 Vatadi varga subcordate or subcuneate, petioles 1.3- Raja nighantu13 Amradi varga ShodalaNighantu14 Amradi varga 3.8cm long, densly hispid; stipules 2 to each RASA PANCHAKA11 leaf, ovate- lanceolate.Receptacles – 1.3- Rasa – Kashaya, Madhura 2.5cm across, turbinate, obovoid or Guna – Guru subpyriform, yellowish when ripe, slightly Veerya – Sheeta umbonate, hispid and sometimes with bracts Vipaka – Madhura scattered along the sides, on peduncles 5- Doshaghnata – Tridoshajit 15mm long in pairs from the axils of the Karma –Tarpana, Brihmana, Grahi, leaves, or in fascicles from shortened Vishtambhi, Asrajit tuberculated branches from the old wood, or Rogaghnata- Kshata, Daha, Vishaghna in pairs or fascicles on elongate stipular TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION2 bracteates sometimes leafy branches issuing Table No.2: Showing Taxonomical from the larger branches and stem and often Classification of Ficus hispida L. f. reaching to or even penetrating the soil; Kingdom Plantae basal bracts 3.Male Flowers – rather numerous, near the apex of the receptacle Division Angiosperms Class Eudicots containing the galls. Sepals 3, concave, Order Rosales hyaline.Stamen 1; another broad; filaments Family Moraceae short.Gall Flowers – pedicellate.Perianth 0. Tribe FiceaeDumort. Ovary – smooth, globose; Style short, Genus Ficus L. subterminal; stigma dilated.Fruit – ovoid , Species Hispida globular or pear shaped, shriveled, greyish Scientific Name Ficus hispida L.f. brown colored, sychonium, developing from 1353 www.ayurpub.com Sep-Oct 2019 Vol IV, Issue 5 Aathira Sreekumar Al: Kakodumbara (Ficus Hispida L.F.) – A Pragmatic Review an entire hypanthodium inflorescence, with plenty of fruitlets, leaving a hollow in measuring 1.0 to 2.5cm in diameter, surface the centre. rough and granular, surrounded by small Powder Microscopy: bracts at the top around the centrally located Ficus hispida L.f. orifice and a small stout pedicel at the base, Fruit Powder: Light Brown color, Rough to the fleshy part, the hollow receptacle , touch, Smell nauseous, Bitter in taste internally is studded with numerous achenes. Procedure: Powder treated with chloral The achenes are ovoid, glabrous, straw hydrate and water observed under the colored to brown colored and about 1.5 to microscope following fragments of tissues 2.0mm in length were observed. Flowering and Fruiting Time Observation: Shows trichomes, attached PHARMACOGNOSY17 with the cells of the epidermis or their Macroscopic Characteristics: broken fragments scattered as such FRUIT: 1.3-2.5cm across, turbinate, throughout; they are both simple and obovoid to subpyriform, slightly umbonate, glandular, the latter being very few, and hispid with bracts scattered along the sides clavate. Simple Trichomes are (1) on peduncles 5-15mm long in pairs from the unicellular, short, straight or bent and warty. axils of the leaves. (2) long – thick walled, and with bulbous Microscopic Characteristics: base, rosette crystals of calcium oxalate TS of fruit is circular to oval in outline, scattered as such or embedded in the encircled by hairy epidermis, shows a small parenchymatous cells of the receptacle. orifice at top and pedicel at base. The fleshy Longitudinally cut fragments of annular receptacle traversed with lactiferous vessels vessels and fragments of lignified, thick- and vascular strands. It is internally studded walled, pitted scelerids in surface view from achene. Plate No.1 : Showing Powder Microscopy of FicushispidaL.f(Fruit) Fig No. 1: Endosperm Fig No.2: Spathe of Stalk OfFicushispidaL.f 1354 www.ayurpub.com Sep-Oct 2019 Vol IV, Issue 5 Aathira Sreekumar Al: Kakodumbara (Ficus Hispida L.F.) – A Pragmatic Review Fig No.3: Thick walled Trichome Fig No.4: Spiral vessel Fig No.5: Rosette crystals of calcium Fig No.6: Stomata oxalate CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS18 Table No.3: Showing Chemical constituents of different parts of Kakodumbara Part Chemical constituent Bark lupeol acetate, β-amyrine acetate, β-sitosterol, 10-ketotetracosyl arachidate Leaves 6-O-methyltylophorinidine and 2-demethoxytylophorine, and a novel biphenylhexahydroindolizinehispidine , phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid, n-alkanes, coumarins, and triterpenoid, hispidin, oleanolic acid, bergaptine, β-amyrine, and β- sitosterol Fruit linalool, linalool oxide, terpeneol, and 2,6-dimethyl-1,7-octadiene-3,6-diol, PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY BASED ON RESEARCHES19,20,21 Table No.4: Showing Research works on FicushispidaL.f. Research Title Part Used Result Evaluation of Nephroprotective methanolic extract showed significant Activity of Fruits of Ficu Fruits nephroprotective activity than nephrocuration shispida on Cisplatin-Induced on cispaltin induced nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity www.ayurpub.com Sep-Oct 2019 Vol IV, Issue 5 1355 Aathira Sreekumar Al: Kakodumbara (Ficus Hispida L.F.) – A Pragmatic Review Antinociceptive Activity Studies Both leaf and fruit extract of Ficus with Methanol Extracts of Ficus Leaves and Hispida contain strong antinociceptive Hispida L.f. Leaves and Fruits Fruits components in Swiss Albino Mice In vitro Cytotoxicity and F. hispida for the cell viability against HT-29 Apoptotic Assay in HT-29 Cell cell line at varying concentration ranges of 0 Line Using Ficus hispida Linn: Leaves μg, 15 μg, 31 μg, 62 μg, 125 μg, and 250 μg. Leaves Extract The end result showed that HT-29 cell viability decreases in a concentration-dependent manner DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION commentary by Chakrapanidatta, edited by Kakodumbara (Ficus hispida L.f) is wildly Yadavji Trikamji Acharya. Varanasi: found throughout India, and its description Chaukhamba Prakashana; reprint 2011,