Index Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. acetabulum, orientation 45 bite marks on pterosaurs 15–16 Adriatic Carbonate Platform 210 biting, induced bending moments 25 Aerodactylus spp. 125, 127 Blackhawk Formation 11,12 A. scolopaciceps 130 body mass, effect on predation 19 aerodynamics 57 bone aktinifibrils 57 evolution for flight 69 Altmuehlopterus rhamphastinus 140 textures 70–71 Angustinaripterus spp. 31, 37, 184 see also jaw bone A. longicephalus 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41 Brazil Anhanguera spp. 35, 52 Crato Formation 13, 195, 196 A. piscator 46, 228 Lagersta¨tten 1 A. santanae 26, 27, 29, 33, 36, 39, 40, 41,46 Santana Formation 14,16 antorbital fenestae 25 A. santanae 26, 27, 29, 33, 36, 36, 39, 40, 41,46 Anurognathidae 95 Breakfast Bench Facies (Wyoming) 105, 106 Anurognathus spp. 30, 31, 32, 42, 95, 103 Buckland, William 1 A. ammoni 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41 Arambourgiania philadelphiae 159, 167 Cambridge Greensand Formation 17 descriptions of possible samples 161–167 Campylognathoides spp. 30, 31, 42, 176 evaluation 167–168 C. liasicus 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41 systematics 160–161 Canada Araripe Basin (Brazil) 195, 196 Dinosaur Park Formation 14,16 Araripesaurus santanae 228 carpal 100 Ardeadactylus longicollum 130, 130 Caulkicephalus trimicrodon 221, 223 Argentina Caviramus spp. 176 Lagarcito Formation 10 Cerro del Pueblo Formation (Mexico) 11,12 embryo discoveries 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 cervical column 201 comparison with other sites 92 Chaoyangopteridoidae 201, 203, 205 maturity criteria 91–92 cheiropatagium 58 measurements 87 China preservation 84–86 embryo studies 83 skeletal elements comparison with Argentina embryo 92 limbs 89–90 Jehol Group 195 pectoral girdle 89 Junggar Basin 149 skull 86–87 Jiufotang Formation 95 vertebral column 87–89 Vesperopterylus lamadongensis 95–96 taxonomic assignment 90–91 comparative anatomy 101, 103 Atherfield Clay Formation 46 description 96, 100–101 Aurorazhdarchidae 135 measurements 100 Aurorazhdarcho micronyx 130 palaeoenvironment 101 Austriadactylus 120 phylogeny 102, 103 Australia, Toolebuc Formation 14,16 skeleton 96, 98, 99 azhdarchids 12, 20, 46, 47, 112, 113, 159, 160–161, 181, Lagersta¨tten 1 201, 204, 216 clade retention index (CRI) 132, 133–136, 136 Azhdarcho spp. 115 cladistics 131–133, 133–136 A. lancicollis 160, 216, 228 Colobrorhynchus spp. 221, 223 C. clavirostris 221, 223 Balqa Group 160, 161 Comodactylus ostromi 105 Batrachognathus spp. 95, 103 comparative anatomy, Diopecephalus 136–137 Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and condyles 215 Geology (Munich) 159, 168 consistency fork index (CFI) 132 bending moments, impact on skull 25 coprolites 10–11 Bexhill coracoid 97 geological setting 222, 222 Crato Formation (Brazil) 13, 195, 196 new pterosaur find 222, 224, 224 Cretaceous specimens 159, 187, 209 assignment and classification 229, 231 Australia 14,16 skeletal characteristics 225–229 Brazil 195 systematics 224–225 embryos 83, 84 bipedal gait 45 extreme bone lightness 69 234 INDEX Cretaceous specimens (Continued) limbs 89–90 Jordan 159 pectoral girdle 89 Er Ruseifa old phosphate mines 160, 161 skull 86–87 Thailand 181 vertebral column 87–89 trackways 11,12 taxonomic assignment 90–91 Wealden Supergroup 221, 223 Eudimorphodon spp. 28, 30, 30, 31, 38, 42, 120, 176 Wight, Isle of 46 E. ranzii 8, 9, 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41 Vectidraco daisymorrisae muscle study 46 Eurazhdarcho langendorfensis 16 methods 47 results 47–51 fangs 108, 110, 111, 116–118, 117, 120 results discussed 51–54 feeding traces 11 crucopatagium 58 femur studies Ctenochasma spp. 31, 31–32, 34, 36, 42 Arambourgiania 163, 165–166 C. elegans 130, 130 Dsungaripteroidea 107, 108, 111–114 113, 114 C. gracile 27, 33, 36, 40, 41 embryo 87 Cuba 184 Rhamphorhynchus 173, 174, 177, 177 Cuvier, Georges 1, 45 Vesperopterylus 101 Cycnorhamphus spp. 42, 130 Ferron Sandstone (Utah) 187 C. suevicus 26, 27, 33, 36, 40, 41, 130, 130 fibula 101 fish, as food 8, 10 Daitingopterus rhamphastinus 141 flight, bone evolution for 69 Darwinopterus spp. 31, 83 Flugsaurier symposia 3 Del Monte Mines (Utah) 11 flutter Dendrorhynchoides spp. 95, 96 problems of 57 Dermodactylus montanus 105 limits to membrane tension 63–64 digital modelling of skull food webs, role of pterosaurs 7, 19–20 methods foraging behaviour geometry 26–27 difficulties in proving 12–13, 15 orbital area 30 evidence for 7 stiffness 27–30 gut contents 8–10 results 30–31 regurgitates 10 orbit 35–36, 40 trace fossils 12 stiffness 31 Franconia laminated limestone 125, 130, 130 strength 31–34, 37, 38 faunal evaluation 125 results discussed 36–43 cladistic analysis 131–133, 133–136 Dimorphodon spp. 30, 31, 32, 36, 42, 46, 52 comparative anatomy 136–138 D. macronyx 2, 27, 32, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41 geometric morphometrics 133, 136 Dinosaur Park Formation (Canada) 14,16 summary overview 142–144 dinosaurs, as pterosaur predators 15 systematic palaeontology 138–141 Diopecephalus spp. 125, 135 taxonomic review 126–129 comparative anatomy 136–137 stratigraphic review 130–131 D. kochi 129, 130, 130, 131, 141 D. rhamphastinus 140 gait and stance 45–46 systematics 138–140 gastric pellets 16 taxonomic review 126–128 gastroliths 10 Dorygnathus spp. 31, 119, 120, 136, 176 geometric morphometrics 133, 136, 139 D. banthensis 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41 Germanodactylus spp. Dsungaripteroidea 107, 149 G. cristatus 128, 129, 130, 130, 140, 141, 149 definition 154 G. kochi 141 taxonomy 154–157 G. rhamphastinus 27, 33, 36, 40, 41, 125, 128–129, Dsungaripterus spp. 35, 38, 43 130, 130, 140, 141 D. weii 27, 33, 36, 39, 40, 41 Germany 12, 14, 16, 95, 149 Gnathosaurinae 223 eggs Gnathosaurus spp. 31, 34, 37, 42 first found as fossil 1, 83–84 G. subulatus 27, 33, 36, 39, 40, 41, 130, 130 shell studies 83 Grinstead Clay Formation 223 embryos gut content analysis 8–10 discoveries 83 with pterosaur as prey 16 Largacito Formation specimen 85, 86, 87, 88 comparison with other sites 92 Haas, Jean Otto 159–160, 167 maturity criteria 91–92 Haenamichnus uhangriensis 11,12 measurements 87 Hamipterus 84 preservation 84–86 Haopterus 119 skeletal elements Harpactognathus gentryii 105, 120 INDEX 235 Hastings Group 223 Morrison Formation 105 Hatzegopteryx spp. 167 classification of finds 107–111 H. thambena 161 discussion of results 111 Hongshanopterus 119 crests 116–118 Howman, Rev. G.E. 2 dentition 116 humerus studies fangs 116 embryo 87 femur 111–114 Monofenestrata 107, 109, 115–116 humerus 115–116 Rhamphorhynchus 176, 176, 178, 181, 182 wing phalanx 116 Vesperopterylus 100, 100 fieldwork 105–106 summary of comparisons 119–120 ilia 173 Oxford Clay Formation 178 insects in pterosaur diets 13 Phu Kradung Formation 181–184 Istodactylus spp. 34 Solnhofen Formation 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 149, 184 I. latidens 27, 33, 36, 40, 41, 119, 221, 223 I. sinensis 119 Kansas, Pteranodon localities 69–70 Italy 209–210, 211 Kepodactylus insperatus 105 wing metacarpals study Kimmeridge Clay Formation 175, 184 description 212–215 Korea 12 plate tectonic setting 212 Kunpengopterus sinensis 84 problems of assignment 215–217 stratigraphic setting 210–212 Lacusovagus magnificens 195, 203–205 Lagarcito Formation (Argentina) 10 Jagua Formation (Cuba) 184 embryo discoveries 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 Javelina Formation (USA) 14 comparison with other sites 92 jaw bone maturity criteria 91–92 detailed descriptions measurements 87 UWGM2424 71 preservation 84–86 YPM VP2432 71–73, 73 skeletal elements YPM VP2525 74–75, 75, 76, 77–78, 77 limbs 89–90 YPM VP2738 73–74, 74 pectoral girdle 89 observations discussed 78–80 skull 86–87 jaw features, Disungariptids 149 vertebral column 87–89 jaw fragment 224, 225, 226 taxonomic assignment 90–91 jaw marks 11–12 Laopteryx 105 Jehol Group (China) 195 Las Hoyas Lagersta¨tte 13 Jeholopterus spp. 95, 96, 103 Liaoxipterus 119 Jiufotang Formation (China) 13, 95 limb descriptions 89–90 Jordan 159 locomotion, debates 45, 53–54 Er Ruseifa old phosphate mines 160, 161 Lonchodectes spp. Junggar Basin 149 L. compressirostris 229, 231 Jurassic specimens 2, 11, 12, 13, 16 L. sagittirostris 221, 227, 229 Jurassic Longchodectidae 221, 229 Franconia laminated limestone lagersta¨tten 125, 130 Longchodraco spp. 224–225, 231 faunal evaluation 125 Longchognathosaurus 149, 156, 157 cladistic analysis 131–133, 133–136 Ludodactylus sibbicki 9,13 comparative anatomy 136–138 geometric morphometrics 133, 136 Mancos Shale Formation (Utah) 187 summary overview 142–144 marine environment, pterosaur preservation 178 systematic palaeontology 138–141 Marsh, O.C. 1 taxonomic review 126–129 mass of body, role in predation 19 stratigraphic review 130–131 membrane, wing see wing properties Lagarcito Formation 10 Mesadactylus ornithosphyos 105 embryo discoveries 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 metacarpals comparison with other sites 92 China 100 maturity criteria 91–92 embryo 87 measurements 87 Italy 212–215 preservation 84–86 Jordan 161, 161, 163–164 skeletal elements USA 188–189, 188, 189, 190–191 limbs 89–90 metatarsals 101 pectoral girdle 89 Mexico, Cerro del Pueblo Formation 11,12 skull 86–87 modelling see skull modelling vertebral column 87–89 Mongolia 95, 149 taxonomic assignment 90–91 Monofenestrata 107, 130, 133, 135, 136, 144 236 INDEX Montanazhdarcho minor 216 O. microdon 229 Mooreville Chalk Formation 15 O. nobilis 221 Mo¨rnsheim Limestone Formation 141 O. oweni 229 morphometrics, geometric 133, 136 O. sagittirostris 229 Morrison Formation (USA) 105 O. scaphorhynchus 229 classification of finds 107–111 O. tenuirostris 229 discussion of results 111 Orthniocheiroidea 223 crests 116–118 Owen,