REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF INTERIOR TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime Department 2014 NATIONAL REPORT (2013 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point TURKEY New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues TURKISH MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION (TUBİM) REITOX 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... 2 TURKISH NATIONAL FOCAL POINT STAFF PREPARING THE REPORT ........................... 7 DATA PROVIDING AGENCIES AND AGENCY REPRESENTATIVES ................................... 8 PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. 11 ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. 13 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 15 NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS ................................................................................ 29 SECTION 1 ............................................................................................................................ 29 DRUG POLICY: LAWS, STRATEGIES, AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES ............................... 29 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 29 1.2. Legal Framework ....................................................................................................... 29 1.2.1. Recent Legal Arrangements on the Fight against Drugs (Laws, Regulations, Directives and Other Practices) ................................................................................... 29 1.2.1.1. Laws ............................................................................................................... 29 1.2.1.2. Regulations ................................................................................................... 34 1.2.1.3. Circulars ........................................................................................................ 37 1.2.1.4. Other Practices ............................................................................................. 38 1.3. The Evaluation and Coordination of the National Policy and Strategy Document on Drugs and the National Action Plan against Drugs ................................................... 39 1.3.1. The National Policy and Strategy Document on Drugs and the National Action Plan against Drugs ........................................................................................................ 39 1.3.2. Evaluation of the Implementation of the National Policy and Strategy Document on Drugs and of the National Action Plan against Drugs ........................ 41 1.3.3. Developments Concerning Other Policies against Drug Substances ............. 42 1.3.4. Regulations for Coordination ............................................................................. 44 1.4. Economic Analyses ................................................................................................... 45 1.4.1. Public Expenses .................................................................................................. 45 1.4.2. Budget .................................................................................................................. 48 1.4.3. Social Costs ......................................................................................................... 48 SECTION 2 ............................................................................................................................ 49 DRUG USE PREVALENCE ................................................................................................... 49 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 49 2.2. Drug Use in the General Population ............................................................................. 50 2.3. Drug Use in Schools and the Youth Population ............................................................ 50 2 2.4. Drug Use between Target Groups / National and Local Regulations ............................ 55 SECTION 3 ............................................................................................................................ 56 PREVENTION ........................................................................................................................ 56 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 56 3.2. Environmental Prevention ..................................................................................... 57 3.2.1. Regulations regarding the Policies for Tobacco and Alcohol Control ............ 57 3.2.1.1. Preventive Regulations regarding the Policies for Tobacco Control............ 58 3.2.1.2. Preventive Regulations regarding the Policies for Alcohol Control ............. 59 3.3. Universal Prevention .............................................................................................. 60 3.3.1. School-based Prevention .................................................................................... 60 3.3.2. Family-based Prevention .................................................................................... 61 3.3.3. Community-based Prevention ............................................................................ 61 3.4. Prevention in At-Risk Groups ............................................................................ 64 3.4.1. Prevention for Children and Youngsters ........................................................... 65 3.4.2. Prevention for Children Living/Working on the Streets .................................... 66 3.4.3. Prevention for Inmates ........................................................................................ 67 3.5. Individual-based Prevention .................................................................................. 67 3.6. National and Local Media Campaigns ................................................................... 67 SECTION 4 ............................................................................................................................ 69 HIGH-RISK DRUG USE ......................................................................................................... 69 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 69 4.2. Estimations on High-Risk Drug Use Prevalence and Frequency .................................. 69 4.3. Characteristics of High-Risk Drug Users ...................................................................... 70 SECTION 5 ............................................................................................................................ 73 DRUG ADDICTION TREATMENT ......................................................................................... 73 5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 73 5.2. Overview, Conformity and Quality Assurance .............................................................. 74 5.2.1. Strategy and Policy ................................................................................................ 74 5.2.2. Treatment Systems ............................................................................................... 75 5.3. Access to Treatment .................................................................................................... 79 5.3.1. Characteristics of Patients under Treatment .......................................................... 79 5.3.2. Trends in Patients.................................................................................................. 81 SECTION 6 ............................................................................................................................ 91 HEALTH CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES ................................................................ 91 6.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 91 6.2. Drug Use-Related Infectious Diseases ..................................................................... 91 6.2.1. HIV/AIDS Incidence ........................................................................................... 91 3 6.2.2. Viral Hepatitis Incidence ..................................................................................... 93 6.2.2.1. Hepatitis B Incidence ................................................................................... 93 6.2.2.2. Hepatitis C Incidence ................................................................................... 96 6.3. Other Drug-related Health Problems and Consequences ......................................... 98 6.4. Drug-related Deaths and Mortality among Drug Addicts ........................................... 99 6.4.1. Direct Drug-Related Deaths (DRD) ...................................................................... 100 6.4.2. Indirect Drug-Related Deaths .............................................................................. 107 6.4.3. Comparison and Trend Analysis .........................................................................