DOC3Bul 1000E 199 151 SO 013 209 Kassof,Allen A BalanceShe;:t Exchanges. IBEX Occasional Pa i* Number 1. IzterAational R.1. VOltdile ITUTION' -"earchand Exchange Board, New York, N.Y.' it, N . 4S-PONS AGENCY. EtrdFoundation, yo N. International CommunIcat= tny, Wassu-ugton, D.C.: National ties Endowment HumaPi (RYAN), Washington, D. C. DATE 80 at the on Scholarly 77p.; Paperspresented Exchangqswith thenssO and Eastern Europe: Two DecadeSof Amerieay."1,42erience (Washington, DC,May 10-13,1979). Pot ;elated documents,see SO 013 210-212. Plus Postage. PRICE 8101/2C04 soternational SCRIPTONS Econoalcs: .....stor Educational Exchange:Politica, science: *Program Evaluation: 3tResearc(h Needs; e::::e::0::::s: Sciences: *social Sciences:*Ressociology P)INTIFIERS Europe(Eat 'aited BSTRACT : papers discus `,,,archexchanges between the United States and theUSSR:and E; itooPe. The firstpaper considers elrolutic.i2of ptiOnSof scientistsin these countries Atitngt.:the Cold war and'Detente. dominantview of American cold War 14e that the baited States, as the rl:§0Uarehers.' during the ,,4Odexu scoiety vasthe 7ardsticx for meusariag other societies. ffnitea'States erperiemced rapid toollt oftrainingand research ,eXated to -the 'Soviet orbit% _.fic/vewer sov:Let, scholarswere constrained hy:Narxist-Leninx-Le dioctvie and by educational and 4s-eardkrpolicies. 7= the 1960s, ji,,.0an social scientists gained a grater Affreciation forthe couple of noderasocieties and socialscientists be;;;innovativestudies. The second .European exchaug i__?4,:m9m4iscussesevaluationsOf resew-eh es between the United :eztttes and the Sovi tunion. The -/goion that these exchanges .,.. e onc.0 tries., e_scientificaul Tilomble to both cotill--...,.. -- The most serious 1 *tient is Soviet politicalrepreas.400 of -4-'s scientific community. probleasmmd ajactcothoupgit shmentsof East Ztrrapean studies in theunitedstates progress seems to be come to 4ady, American socialscientist`ct;ella:i pursue topics that and thus seCoaduzyimportance. The 44Plitioally'safer petWeeu al-PaPer suggests thatin exchange, the Soviet Union and '4/jilted States, bothacademicandover:I:Tent communities profit. :44Oint'that Soviet exchangesar enera-LLY in sciences and 0i4# mg and Aseticanexchanges eare 4n history--story and literature side sends lashes. ustiates that each Whom Thus, the author Pi.coldoliidei that tisistypeof ezchabge if neith *r unbalancednor ,-;,Inifair.(Author/kg Working Papers U S DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH. EDUCATION A WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OP EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEENREPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN- ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OROPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILYREPRE- SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY WR 25 13(11 -PERMISSION TO REPRODUCETHIS A Balance Sheet for MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTEDBY East-West Exchanges K aPP TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Conference on Scholarly Exchanges with the USSR and Eastern Europe: wo Deca American Experience May 1043,1979 -IREX. Occasional Papers. Internationalllesearch& Exchanges Board (Liz. iz)kli17 AI& the International Research & Exchanges Board, is the leading. .Americam .Channel for communication with the USSR and Eastern-Europe.'inhe social sciences and humanities. The AmeriCanICouncilofLearned Societies and the Social Science ResearchCouncil.established-IREX...in 1968 at the initiative ..of-USUniversities,'.the Ford-Foundation, and the Department OUState, as an independent, non- profit organization to administerAmerices:advanced research exchanges with social- ist countries. IREX programs are supported by grants from the USInternational Communication Agency, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Ford 'Foundation, other private foundations, and "corporate donors. Reports on particularly noteworthy collaborativeactivities and individual research carried out under IREXauspices, as well as summaries of conferences, symposia,and seminars con- ducted by IREX, are from time to time issued asshort publi- cations in the series IREX Occasional Papers.Publication of this series is made possible by a grant fromthe William and Mary Greve Foundation. Library of Congress Catalog Carr' Number:80-80897 Copyright 1980 IREX IREX Occasional Papers, Volume 1, Number 1 Preface Allen H. Rassof 5 Introduction William B. Bader 7 percePtioan. Changing Mutual Social Sciencestern The U.S., and the U.S.S.R. and Elope Cyril E. Black 11 A Balance Sheet in Science andTechnology Loren R. Graham 39 European The Political Context of U.S.-East Academic Exchanges 51 Charles Gati A Ea-lance Sheet of Soviet-AmericanExchanges Alexander Dania 63 5 PREFACE This. IREX Occasional Paper is one of a series h x41,418at conference Which was organized to evaluate the resultsof -tarsof schol- arly exchanges with the USSR and EasternEuropg,ea The "Conference on Scholarly ExChanges with ON Eas tern Euryper Two Decades of American Euperience wag ,-,nn hay 1979, in trashington, D.C., at the Schoolof Att1,413e,ab !natenlationai Stt!dies of tbe Johns Hopkins University. Nore "mils-. 3v- Participants wed -:what U.S. scholars and specialistshaZalsaoytie4 fromthe exchanigeexperience inorder to communicate lecofi,,,`/-4141.0esto the nation's public affairs communityto coll..r government, business, Journalism, and to other professionalZgliageePed vrith the analysis of Soviet and East European behavior ,,caterh°1'mationand consequences of American policy towards that ph-`q3 world. ofr- The present collection includes papers presenth 811An revised to reflect the discussion and debateate thee".`errtce) under the heading of A Balance Sheet forEast-il elcalleti Est The introduction to this IREX Occasional Paper _40Pqred Dr. William B. Bader, chief of staff ofthe SegkaspfeSa Relations Committee, who chaired the panel at whichthe ct 001:,,'iPerswere presented.The papers were edited and prepared for-`leationby Dorothy Knapp and Cynthia Merritt, IREX Informgfor Services. k1.00 Allen H. Kassof. Executive Director April 1980 INTRODUCTION The proper implement for dining with the Devil has always been thought to be along spoon.Translating that bit of folk wisdom into foreign policy, Americans have also generally accepted the idea that dealing with their enemies was best done at a distance. In particular, to- wards the. Soviets, the prevailing attitude has long been founded in George Eennanys 1946 advice to Charles Bohlen not to get "chummy" with them. .Translated into the terms of the SALT II debate of 1979, that point of view inevitably put treaty supporters on the defensive against charges that their position was rooted in some sort of "trust" of Moscow_And he who trusts, it is presumed, is a dupe in the making. Those perceptions or prejudices define the abiding political context in which U.S.-Soviet scholarly exchanges came into being and, passing now through very hard times, manage to continue. Inevitably, that bias has:been Shard one to shake. But in the real world, as the essays which follow demonstrate, it can often be helpful to dine with devils. :Experience shows, as the Soviets would say, that the bilateral menu, while heavier on lard than on caviar, generally prOves nutritious. Moreover and more obviously, while the Devil is dining with you, he is not dining on you, and you and he may even develop a certain under- standing of each other's tastes. Understanding.is,.in fact, the goal of the exchanges. Most important from the American point of view is to develop a firsthand knowledge . of Soviet ways, means and attitudes in as many spheres as possible. The expertise'the U.S. acquires on the Soviet Union, even from a student- of Slavonic liturgy., exists at least in potential to help us calCulate East-West policies. It is up to us to use that potential. ThoUgawe'often waste it, we would be truly wasteful to deny ourselves the-chance even to acquire it. Similarly, while we cannot quantify the impact on Soviet thinking of- exposure to our peculiarities, we must be confident enough of our -strengths to invite inspection of them even if, as some assert, it may be true that many Soviet scholars visiting under exchanges are primarily scientific vacuum cleaners. We should not expect to convert .them.:IttmveShonld-assume that in the gathering of the data they could.probably obtain: in other ways, they are taking in something more than just. our know-how. Conceivably, some of them are also acquiring an :education in creative freedom. 8 NOrvle prescribes Oat that quip: is contagious. The United States, however, does8ss000 s t atudi inqmlrY is valuable. And when it is less .than free. "Ioviec exchaftes naturallyare, it still P°88esses valUe the:elapers make clear, is to enhance tkat-vaIme by 1401014:4:fttoxtlY greater freedom. That has been our goal since 07" fitsbegan '41 1958. It remains one to pursue, not to abandonthe Staff Director Rel Committee on parei00 I.cms U.S. Senate CHANGING MUTUAL SOCIALSCIENCE PERCEPTIONS: The U.S.; and the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe Cyril E. Black 11 The policies that countries adopt toward each other are a reflection 'of.,their mutual perceptions. These perceptions are based both on hista02m0Lemperience and ideology, which inevitably tend to be ethnocentric, and on scholarly study, which Moots to counterbalance this-ethnocentricity.We are concerned here with the evolution of the mutual perceptions of American and of Soviet and East European social Scientists since the Second World War, and its long-term fluence.onrmutual understanding. The principal disciplines within