PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAM BASED BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION INCORPORATING AGE, GENDER AND TIME VARIABILITY BY SITI NURFARAH AIN BINTI MOHD AZAM A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Communication Engineering) Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia MAY 2017 ABSTRACT Biometric is the authentication and identification of a person by measuring or estimating their physiological characteristics. First generation biometric such as fingerprint, signature and voice have drawback and easily can be duplicated which lead to serious identity theft crime. Therefore, second generation of biometric was introduced by using bio-signal. This study evaluates the possibility of applying PPG as biometric identification system incorporating different age, gender group, and time variability. A total of 36 subjects were involved in this study consists of 18 males and 18 females for age difference and gender analysis. The PPG signals were taken in resting state by using pulse oximeter. The PPG signal was differentiated twice in order to form APG signal. These signals then undergo pre-processing and the segmentation process was done by using MATLAB. The highest peaks from the signal was used as reference point to determine the appropriate distance for one cycle of both signal. Then, the signals were classified by four commonly used classifiers which are Bayes Network, Naïve Bayes, Multilayer Perceptron, and Radial Basis Function. The outcome from this study suggested the accuracy up to 100% for different age group, 91.11% for female subjects and 95% for male subjects. For time variability analysis, a total of 5 PPG signals were collected from a publicly available online repository, which is MIMIC II Waveform Database, version 3, part 3 for two different periods and then undergoes pre-processing using a low pass filter. After that, the signals were segmented and later differentiated to produce APG signals and lastly the signals were classified using the classifiers mentioned. Based on the experimentation results, the accuracy obtained for PPG was up to 90% and for APG as high as 92.86%. To conclude, PPG and APG signals are capable to be used for biometric identification purposes as the results prove that even though the data were taken from different age, gender group and various time, the system is able to identify the person. ii ملخص البحث البيومرتية أو كام تسمى "تقنية ا إلحصاء احليوي" يه توثيق وحتديد ا ألشخاص من خﻻل قياس و تقدير خصائصهم الفيس يولوجية. يعاين ا إل نتاج ا ألول من البيومرتية املمتثةل يف بصامت ا ألصابع والتوقيع خبط اليد و بصمة الصوت من عيب كبري و هو أنه يسهل تكراره و هذا قد يؤدي إاىل جرامئ خطرية عن طريق رسقة الهوية. لهذا السبب ودلت احلاجة ل إﻻنتاج الثاين من البايومرتية املمتثل يف ا إلشارات احليوية. هذه ادلراسة تقوم بتقيمي إاماكنية تطبيق الفوتوبليثايسموغراف وهو قياس جحم عضو من أعضاء اجلسم عن طريق مكية ادلم املتواجدة يف هذا العضو اجلسدي كنوع من أنواع التعريف البايومرتي بس تخدام ا ألعامر اخملتلفه، و اجلنس، و التباين الوقيت .مض هذا البحث 63 خشص كعينة لدلراسة، 81 مهنم من اذلكور و 81 من ا إلانث .مت حفص فارق السن وحتليل نوع اجلنس، ومت حتصيل إاشارات الفوتوبليثايسم وغراف من عينات ادلراسة يف وضعية ا إلسرتخاء من خﻻل هجاز قياس ت أكسج النبض .مت متيزي إاشارة الفوتوبليثايسموغراف مرتني حىت يمت تكوين إاشارة تسارع خمطط التحجم. هذة ا إلشارات فامي بعد خضعت إاىل معليات املعاجلة املبدئية و التجزئة بس تخدام خمتربات املصفوفات .مت اس تخدام أعىل ا ألرقام املس تنتجة من ا إلشارة مكراجع لتحديد املسافة املﻻمئة لدلورة الواحدة ل إﻻشاراتن، كام مت تصنيف ا إلشارات من خﻻل ا ألربع مصنفات املشاع إاس تخداهما و يه: الش بكة البايزية، و الش بكة البايزية ا ألولية و املس تقبﻻت متعددة الطبقات، و وظيفة الشعاع ا ألس يايس. أ فادت نتاجئ هذه ادلراسة إاىل أن دقة التعارف تصل إاىل 811٪ للفئات العمرية اخملتلفة اب إلضافة دلقة تعارف تصل إاىل 18.88٪ لعينة ا إلانث و ٪19 لعينة اذلكور. أما ابلنس بة لتحليل التباين الوقيت، 9 من إاشارات الفوتوبليثايسموغراف مت جتميعها من مس تودع عام عىل ا ألن نرتت و هو قاعدة البياانت املوجية للرصد اذليك املتعدد املعامل يف العناية املركزية- رمق 2 )املعروف إابمس MIMIC II Waveform Database( النسخة الثالثة، اجلزء الثالث. و قد أس تخدم يف وقتني خمتلفني مث خضع ملعاجلة مبدئية إابس تخدام فلرت مترير منخفض. بعد ذكل مت تقس مي ا إلشارات مث مت يزيها إلنتاج إاشارات لتسارع خمطط التحجم و أخريًا مت تصنيف ا إلشارات حسب املصنفات اليت س بق ذكرها. و بناء عىل نتاجئ التجريب مت حتديد دقة إاشارات الفوتوبليثايسموغراف ملعدل 11%، و دقة إاشارات تسارع خمطط التحجمي ملعدل 12.13%. لتلخيص ما مت ذكره أ نف ًا، فإان إاشارات الفوتوبليثايسموغراف و إاشارات تسارع خمطط التحجمي ميكن إاس تغﻻهلام يف أغراض حتديد الهوية البيومرتية كام ثبت يف نتاجئ البحث أنه عىل الرمغ من أن البياانت قد مت حتصيلها من خمتلف ا ألعامر، و من مجموعات جنس ية خمتلفة و أوقات متباينة، فالنظام اكن قادرًا عىل حتديد هوية العينه اخملتربة. iii INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAM BASED BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION INCORPORATING AGE, GENDER AND TIME VARIABILITY I declare that the copyright holder of this thesis/dissertation is International Islamic University Malaysia. Copyright ©2017 by International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below. 1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement. 2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes. 3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries. By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy. Affirmed by Siti Nurfarah Ain binti Mohd Azam ………………………….. …………………… Signature Date iv APPROVAL PAGE I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science (Communication Engineering). ...................................................... Khairul Azami Sidek Supervisor ...................................................... Rashidah Funke Olanrewaju Co-supervisor I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science (Communication Engineering). ...................................................... Hasmah Mansor Internal Examiner 1 ...................................................... Huda Adibah Mohd Ramli Internal Examiner 2 This dissertation was submitted to the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Communication Engineering). ...................................................... Anis Norashikin Nordin Head, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering This dissertation was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Engineering and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Communication Engineering). ...................................................... Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta Dean, Kulliyyah of Engineering v DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions. Siti Nurfarah Ain binti Mohd Azam Signature……………………………. Date…………………….. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of Allah the Most Gracious and Merciful, Alhamdulillah that I managed to complete this Master Dissertation. First and foremost, I would like to give my highest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Khairul Azami Sidek for all the suggestions, recommendations, critics, and guidance along this semester. Without his support and encouragement, this dissertation might be incomplete. Therefore, thank you and only Allah can repay all your good deeds. Not to forget, special thanks to my parents and siblings for the support and love that I’ve received since day one. Thank you so much. To all my friends who helped me and guided me through this project, thank you. “Truly, Allah will admit those who believe (in the Oneness of Allah Islamic Monotheism) and do righteous good deeds, to Gardens underneath which rivers flow (in Paradise), wherein they will be adorned with bracelets of gold and pearls and their garments therein will be of silk.” - Quran 22: 23 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract in Arabic ........................................................................................................ iii Copyright Page ............................................................................................................. vi Approval Page ................................................................................................................v Declaration .................................................................................................................