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THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA The Life and Career of Francois Annat, SJ: The Failure of His Antijansenism, May 1641—October 1668 A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Church History School of Religious Studies Of the Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved Brian Van Hove Washington, D.C. 1999 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9925215 Copyright 1999 by Van Hove, Brian William All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9925215 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Life and Career o f Frangois Annat, SJ: The Failure o f His Antijansenism, May 1641—October 1668 Brian Van Hove, Ph. D. Director: Robert Trisco, Hist. Eccl. D. Lucien Ceyssens wrote that the importance of Francis Annat cannot be exaggerated for an understanding of Antijansenism in France. In May 1641, with permission of superiors, Annat accepted an invitation of the Jesuits of Louvain to assist them in their controversy with the Old Augustinians represented by Bishop Jansenius in his Augustinus. Subsequently, Annat was appointed ‘"assistant for France” to the Jesuit superior general in Rome, then provincial in Paris, and finally royal confessor at the court of Louis XTV between 1654 and 1670. During that time he produced a plethora of polemical writing—three longer books, and many shorter tracts. Most of Annat’s printed works were available in the Bibliotheque Mazarine in Paris and the Bibliotheque “Les Fontaines” in Chantilly (Oise). The author used the Archives of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in Vatican City, and the Archivum Romanum Societatis Jesu in Rome. Annat wrote to Honore Fabri who was the Jesuit responsible for dealing with Jansenist questions in Rome. Through Fabri both Cardinal Albizzi, assessor of the Holy Office, and the Jesuit general were kept informed. Annat also wrote to the fathers general about these affairs. A variety of collaborators and adversaries are studied to reveal the interaction of Annat and his Antijansenism. His most impressive adversary was Blaise Pascal, while his most “perennial” was Antoine Amauld. Annat’s theology forms a chapter. He was a Jesuit obedient to the “Doctrine of the Society” in this period when grace and predestination were paramount. His theology was the Molinism refined by Suarez. He was a ‘congruist’ which assumes the doctrine of the divine ‘concursus’. His book in 1645, censured by the University of Toulouse, was called Scientia Media. It explains this doctrine and refutes a number of adversaries who had written against it. Politically, Annat encouraged the French crown to pursue a policy of requiring Jansenists to sign a formulary. Drafted in 1655 by Annat and Pierre de Marca, it would be unofficially neutralized by the Peace of the Church in October, 1668. Annat’s policy of forcing the Jansenists either to submit to the Formulary’ or to be excluded from the church foiled. The Clementine Peace completely frustrated his agenda. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation by Brian Van Hove fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in Church History approved by Robert Trisco, Hist. Eccl. D., as Director, by Robert Schneider, Ph. D., and by Frederick Jelly, OP, S.T.D., as Readers. Robert Trisco, Hist. Eccl. D., Director Robert Schneider, Ph. D., Reader Frederick Jelly, OP, S.Tm)., Reader/" ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents The Life and Career of Francois Annat, SJ: The Failure of His Antijansenism May 1641— October 1668 Title Page i [Abstract] Signature Page ii Table of Contents iii-v Table of Dates vi-vii Preface viii-xiv Chapter I: Overview o f Annat’s Career 1 A. Estaing and Rodez pages 1-8 B. First Publication: 1626 8-20 C. Early Fame in Toulouse 20-25 D. Antecedents to the Polemics with Reginald 25-30 E. Annat and Reginald 30-32 F. University Censure of the Scientia Media 32-35 G. Aftermath of the Censure of 1645 36-44 H. “Assistentia Galliae” 44-46 I. Annat’s Role in the Condemnation of the Five Propositions 46-55 J. Departure from Rome 55-58 K. Restoring Jesuit Unity after the Frondes 59-63 L. The Immediate Background to Annat’s Arrival in Paris as Provincial in 1652: Events in Blois and Paris 63-66 M. The Unfinished Triennial as Provincial, 1652-1654 66-69 N. Events Before the Appointment 69-71 O. Appointment as Royal Confessor 71-73 P. Gallicanism and Annat 73-79 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Q. Annat and “L’Audience du Cardinal Flavio Chigi” 79-84 R. Toulouse and Reims 84-85 S. “Le Projet d’Accommodement”: 1663 86-92 T. The Closing Years: “Accommodement” without Annat 93-100 Summary of Chapter I 100-102 Chapter II: Antijansenism 103 A. ‘Scientia Media’ or ‘Mediative Knowledge’ pages 103-106 B. “Crepuscula Jansenismi” 107-110 C. First Encounters with Jansenism 110-119 D. The Meaning ofthe Belgian Invitation of 1641 119-121 E. Direction ofthe Royal Conscience in the Appointment of Bishops 121-133 F. Cardinal de Retz 133-135 G. Gondrin, the Archbishop of Sens 135-140 H. The Duke of Liancourt and the Censure of Amauld 140-141 I. Annat’s Polemics 141-146 J. Pascal and the Provinciates 146-152 K. A New Formulary 152-155 L. Palafox y Mendoza 155-160 M. TheApologie des Casuistes 160-165 N. The Miracle of the Holy Thom 165-172 O. Port-Royal and the Bible 172-181 P. More on the “Evasions and Subterfuges” of the Jansenists 181-185 Q. The Start of the Peace 186-194 R. “Peace is Worse than War!” 195-199 S. Aftermath of the Peace of the Church 199-202 T. “Les Demiers Coups du Canon” 203-206 Summary of Chapter II 206-208 Reproduced with permission ofthe copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter HI: Jesuits, Theology, and Jansenism 209 Introduction pages 209-212 A. Alfonso Salmeron and the Doctrine of the Society 212-216 B. The Teaching Church 216-222 C. Positive Theology 223-229 D. Aquinas and the Jesuits 229-231 E. Annat and the New Thomists 231-235 F. Diego Alvarez and the New Thomists 236-239 G .‘Scientia Media’ 239-241 H. ‘Motus’ 241-246 I. ‘Praemotio Physica’ 246-248 J. ‘Indifferent Premotion’ 249-253 K. ‘Sufficient Grace’ and Pelagianism 253-257 L. ‘Free Futuribles’ 257-259 M .‘Natura Pura’ 259-261 Summary of Chapter III 261-262 General Conclusion 263-269 List of Abbreviations 270-271 Bibliography 272-321 v Reproduced with permission ofthe copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table o f Dates Synopsis ofthe Life of Franciscus Annatus, SJ (1590-1670) By Edmond Lamalle, SJ (1900-1989) (ARSI, 1971) 1590 Bom February 8 in Estaing, near Rodez (Aveyron) 1607 Entered Jesuit novitiate February 16 (Province of Aquitaine) 1608 The Assistancy of France and the Province of Toulouse established 1609 Rhetoric studies and novitiate; Beziers 1610-1612 Philosophy, logic, physics, metaphysics studies; Toulouse 1613 Prefect of younger students; Toulouse 1614-1616 Sacred theology studies; Toulouse 1616 Ordination to the priesthood; Toulouse 1617 Tertianship (Troisieme An) or third-year probation; Toulouse 1618-1623 Teacher of logic, physics, metaphysics, mathematics; Toulouse 1623 Spiritual works; Carcassonne 1624 Professed of'"the fourth vow” January 28 in the House of the Professed; Toulouse 1624/5-1629 Teacher and spiritual works; Toumon 1632 Teacher of upper classes; Toulouse 1635 Travel to Rome 1635-1636 Two-year term ( biennium ) as censor of books for the French regional assistancy with residence in the Collegio Romano; Rome 1637 Travel permission April 14 to return to Toulouse 1637-1639 Rector ( triennium) of the college; Montpellier 1641-1642 Teacher and spiritual works, assistant to the provincial, censor of books; Toulouse 1642 Vice-Rector; Toulouse vi Reproduced with permission ofthe copyright owner.