Final Report Economic Targeting for Employment: A Study on the Drivers Behind International Migration from Cambodia and the Domestic Labor Market [September 2016] This publication was produced at the request of the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared independently by Emerging Markets Consulting (EMC). Photo credit: Undocumented Cambodian migrants arrive by train at Anranya Prathet, Thailand prior to onward transportation to the border. © International Organization of Migration 2014, Joe Lowry. ECONOMIC TARGETING FOR EMPLOYMENT: A STUDY ON THE DRIVERS BEHIND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION FROM CAMBODIA AND THE DOMESTIC LABOR MARKET AID Grant No. 422-G-16-00002 September 16, 2016 DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS Acronyms............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 Study purpose and study questions ........................................................................................................................... 2 Project background ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Study design, methods and limitations ...................................................................................................................... 2 Findings and conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Project Background ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 Methods & Limitations...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Target locations ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Data collection tools and respondents ................................................................................................................ 6 Data analysis ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 Limitations ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Findings, Conclusions & Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 7 Findings ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Demographic characteristics .................................................................................................................................. 8 Environmental stress factors .................................................................................................................................. 8 Informal networks ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Gender dynamics ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 Indebtedness ............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Local employment opportunities ......................................................................................................................... 10 Labor demand .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Staff recruitment criteria ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Recruitment practices and challenges ................................................................................................................ 12 Employment benefits and contracts .................................................................................................................... 12 Skills trainings and partnerships ........................................................................................................................... 13 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Economic and social profile of target groups ................................................................................................... 14 Alternative employment opportunities in Cambodia for populations at risk of being trafficked ........ 14 Recommendations to address root causes of trafficking ................................................................................... 15 Annexes ............................................................................................................................................................................. 17 - Annex I: Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 17 Demographic characteristics ................................................................................................................................ 17 Environmental Stressors ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Informal networks ................................................................................................................................................... 20 Gender dynamics ..................................................................................................................................................... 22 Indebtedness and migration .................................................................................................................................. 23 Employment opportunities .................................................................................................................................... 24 Company profiles .................................................................................................................................................... 26 Analysis of businesses interviewed ...................................................................................................................... 28 - Annex II: Statement of Work ................................................................................................................................ 33 C1 Phase 1: Project Inception .............................................................................................................................. 33 C1 Phase 2: Primary Research ............................................................................................................................. 34 C2 Phase 1: Project Inception .............................................................................................................................. 35 C2 Phase 2: Employer Survey ............................................................................................................................... 35 - Annex II: Study Methods and Limitations ........................................................................................................... 37 Multivariate regression analysis ............................................................................................................................ 37 Limitations ................................................................................................................................................................. 37 - Annex III: Data Collection Instruments ............................................................................................................... 39 Component 1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 39 Component 2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 60 - Annex IV: Sources of Information ........................................................................................................................ 67 Works Cited............................................................................................................................................................