Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition Renewable Energy © 2018 IRENA, OECD/IEA and REN21 DISCLAIMER Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely This publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA, OECD/ that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA, OECD/IEA IEA, and REN21 to verify the reliability of the material in this and REN21 as the sources and copyright holders and provided that publication. However, neither IRENA, OECD/IEA, REN21 nor the statement below is included in any derivative works. 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Neither IRENA, OECD/IEA nor REN21 accepts any or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of responsibility or liability for this work/translation.” international frontiers or boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. ISBN 978-92-9260-061-7 2 Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition ABOUT IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. As of April 2018, IRENA has 156 Members (155 States and the European Union) and 24 additional countries in the accession process and actively engaged. www.irena.org ABOUT IEA The IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy ABOUT REN21 technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st energy, demand side management and much more. Through Century (REN21) is the global renewable energy policy its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the multi-stakeholder network that connects a wide range reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 30 of key actors, with the goal of facilitating knowledge member countries, 7 association countries and beyond. exchange, policy development and joint action towards a The four main areas of IEA focus are: rapid global transition to renewable energy. REN21 brings • Energy Security: Promoting diversity, efficiency, flexibility together governments, non-governmental organisations, and reliability for all fuels and energy sources; research and academic institutions, international organisations and industry to learn from one another • Economic Development: Supporting free markets to and build on successes that advance renewable energy. foster economic growth and eliminate energy poverty; To assist policy decision-making, REN21 provides high- • Environmental Awareness: Analysing policy options quality information, catalyses discussion and debate, and to offset the impact of energy production and use on the supports the development of thematic networks. REN21 environment, especially for tackling climate change and air facilitates the collection of comprehensive and timely pollution; and information on renewable energy, which reflects diverse viewpoints from both private and public sector actors, • Engagement Worldwide: Working closely with association serving to dispel myths about renewable energy and to and partner countries, especially major emerging economies, catalyse policy change. to find solutions to shared energy and environmental concerns. www.ren21.net www.iea.org 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REVIEWERS This report was written jointly by IRENA, IEA and REN21, This report benefited from valuable feedback and inputs under the guidance of Rabia Ferroukhi (IRENA), from: Henning Wuester, Dolf Gielen, Salvatore Vinci, Ahmed Paolo Frankl (IEA) and Christine Lins (REN21). Abdel-Latif, Bishal Parajuli, Michael Renner, Divyam Nagpal, Abdullah Abou Ali, Celia García-Baños, Jinlei Feng, Emanuele Taibi, Francisco Boshell, Asami Miketa, Thomas Nikolakakis and Individual chapter authors were as follows: Arina Anisie (IRENA), Paul Simons, Rebecca Gaghen, Elaine Atwood, Heymi Bahar, Oliver Schmidt, Renske Schuitmaker and INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Jacopo Tattini (IEA), Laura E. Williamson (REN21). Hannah E. Murdock (REN21) This report benefited from valuable feedback from:Aaron With input from Louise Vickery (IEA) Robinson (United Airlines), Adam Johnston (Salay Consulting), Ahmed Hamza H. Ali (Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University), Alejandro Limón Portillo (Centro de Investigación Económica HEATING AND COOLING y Presupuestaria), Ashwin Gambhir (Prayas Energy), Barbara Ute Collier (IEA) Breitschopf (Fraunhofer ISI), Bikash Kumar Sahu (Gandhi Institute for Education and Technology), Casper Priesmann (GIZ), Christy Aikhorin (TechnipFMC), Catharina Ringborg (Utmaning), David TRANSPORT Napper (Enviro-Development), David Walwyn (University of Rana Adib (REN21) Pretoria), Dieter Holm (Southern African Solar Thermal Training & Demonstration Initiative - SOLTRAIN), Dorothea Otremba With input from Pharoah Le Feuvre (IEA), Flávia Guerra, (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH Archita Misra and Hannah E. Murdock (REN21) - GIZ), Emilio Soberon (World Wildlife Fund Mexico), Emmanuel Branche (Électricité de France S.A.), Eros Artuso (ProQuest POWER Consulting Ltd), Evan Musolino, Filip Johnsson (Chalmers University of Technology), Franklin Molina, Freyr Sverrisson (Sunna Research), Diala Hawila (IRENA) Gaetano Zizzo (Università di Palermo), Gianluca Sambucini (United With input from Sadie Cox and Sean Esterly (NREL), Nations Economic Commission for Europe - UNECE), Heather Caspar Priesmann (GIZ), and Hadley Taylor (EUEI-PDF) Rosmarin (InterAmerican Clean Energy Institute), Henrik Personn (Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, Belize), Isabel Welten (Goodfuels), Janet Sawin (Sunna Research), Johanna SYSTEM INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLES Diecker (Global off Grid Lighting Association - GOGLA), Joshua Emanuele Bianco and Simon Müller (IEA) Odeleye, Julian Barquin (Endesa), Kanika Chawla (Council for With input from Cédric Philibert, Oliver Schmidt, Oskar Energy, Environment and Water), Karl Peet (Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport - SLoCaT), Karla Solis (United Kvarnström, Ute Collier and Zoe Hungerford (IEA) Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - UNFCCC), Kurtulus Deger (Durham University), Lisa Göransson (Chalmers POLICY CLASSIFICATION University of technology), Lisa Wolf (Eurelectric), Maged Mahmoud (Regional Cneter for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency - Rabia Ferroukhi, Diala Hawila, Michael Renner and RCREEE), Manjol Banja (European Commission), Manoj Singh Divyam Nagpal (IRENA), Christine Lins, Rana Adib and (India Power), Michael Rask (Raskgreentech ApS), Miguel Schloss Hannah E. Murdock (REN21), Paolo Frankl, Ute Collier (Surinvest Ltd), Ming Yang (Global Environment Facility - GEF), and Emanuele Bianco (IEA) Monica Zamora Zapata (University of California, San Diego), With input from Barbara Breitschopf (Fraunhofer Institute for Nguyen Dang Anh Thi (Independent consultant), Nicholas Craven Systems and Innovation Research - ISI), Sascha Van Rooijen (UIC), Nikola Medimorec (Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon (Ecofys Group), Sadie Cox and Sean Esterly (NREL), Transport – SloCaT), Nikolay Belyakov (Hilti), Pablo Del Río (Instituto de Políticas y Bienes Públicos), Peter Krenz (GMX), Rainer Caspar Priesmann (GIZ), and Hadley Taylor (EUEI-PDF) Hinrichs (European Renewable Energy