The decline and resurrection of Turkish Islamism: the story of Tayyip Erdoğan’s AKP Citation: Yilmaz, Ihsan, Barton, Greg and Barry, James 2017, The decline and resurrection of Turkish Islamism: the story of Tayyip Erdoğan’s AKP, Journal of citizenship and globalisation studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 48-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jcgs-2017-0005 © 2017, The Authors Reproduced by Deakin University under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non- Commercial No-Derivatives Licence Downloaded from DRO: http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30107148 DRO Deakin Research Online, Deakin University’s Research Repository Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Journal of Citizenship and Globalisation Studies, 2017; 1(1): 48–62 The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Open Access Research Article Ihsan Yilmaz*, Greg Barton, James Barry Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder What Is So Different About The Decline and Resurgence of Turkish Neuroenhancement? Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? Islamism: The Story of Tayyip Erdoğan’s AKP Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Comparison https://doi.org/10.1515/jcgs-2017-0005 Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im The First Decade (1964-1972) ethischen Vergleich Abstract:Research For Article decades, Turkish Islamists have failed to attract the votes of large sections of society and https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 remained marginal. As a result of this failure to come to power, and due to domestic and international received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 constraintsMax Musterman, and windows Paul of opportunities,Placeholder they have declared that they have jettisoned Islamism. Many Turkish Muslims whose religious disposition was shaped by the pluralistic urban Ottoman experience and Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon What Is So Different About as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the small-town Anatolian traditionalism, and by the contesting currents of cosmopolitan pluralism and rural reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also socialNeuroenhancement? conservatism, voted in favour of these former Islamists who have become “Muslim Democrats”. includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current This paper elaborates on the genealogy of Turkish Islamists and their political trajectories and argues version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. thatWas when ist the soforces anders and constraints am of Neuroenhancement? domestic and external social, political and economic conditions Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period disappeared and the opportunities derived from being Muslim Democrats no longer existed, the former IslamistsPharmacological easily returned and to theirMental original Self-transformation ideology, showing that in despite Ethic assertions to the contrary their Dedicated to Paul Placeholder respectComparison for democracy and pluralism had not truly been internalised. This paper also aims to demonstrate thatPharmakologische similar to other authoritarian und mentale populists, Selbstveränderung Erdoganists perceive the im state and its leader as more important than anything else and as being above everything else, which has culminated in a personality cult and ethischen Vergleich 1 Studies and Investigations sanctification of the state. As long as Turkey’s economy continued to boom, almost everyone was happy that Turkey could readily market the “Muslim Democrats” story to the whole world for a long period as https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and a major success story, or as an “exemplary Muslim country” or “model”. Yet, Middle Eastern elites and received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- Western forces got carried away and learnt the hard way just how naive their view was in perhaps the first trayal and narrative technique. greatAbstract: transformationIn the concept movement of the aestheticof the twenty-first formation century of knowledge – the Arab and Spring.its as soon Likewise, the Turkish Spring turnedas possible all too and quickly success-oriented towards autumn application, and then winter.insights and profits without the *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Keywords:includes the Turkey, period Islamism, between muslim the entry democrats, into force andpopulism, the presentation authoritarianism, in its current erdoganism, personality cult Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is Keywords: licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. 1 Introduction Dedicated to Paul Placeholder Former Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan’s National Outlook (Milli Görüş) Islamism, like all forms of Islamism, was shaped to a significant degree by the prototypical Islamism of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood (al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin) but it was never as radical as the Muslim Brotherhood. Whereas the Muslim Turkish1 Studies aspired to and a roots-and-branch Investigations (literally “radical”) transformation of the Egyptian political system, the National Outlook Islamists wanted the freedom to live in an Islamically “pure” way within the Turkish The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and Republic by establishing what they called a “Just System” (Adil Düzen) that was never clearly defined. the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning *CorrespondingRoad Keelung 20224, author: Taiwan Ihsan (R.O.C),Yilmaz, Researche-mail: [email protected] Chair in Islamic Studies and Intercultural Dialogue, Alfred Deakin Institute forPaul Citizenship Placeholder: and InstituteGlobalization, of Marine Deakin Biology, University, National E-mail: Taiwan [email protected] Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 OpenOpen Access. © © 2017 2017 Mustermann Ihsan Yilmaz and etPlaceholder, al., published published by De Gruyter by De Gruyter. Open. This workwork is is licensed under the Creative e s 4.0 L Commonslicensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivativ 3.0 License. The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder What Is So Different About Neuroenhancement? Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Comparison Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im ethischen Vergleich https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Dedicated to Paul Placeholder 1 Studies and Investigations The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. The Decline and Resurgence of Turkish Islamism: The Story of Tayyip Erdoğan’s AKP 49 This meant that the majority of Turkey’s National Outlook Islamists found it relatively easy to accommodate the AKP’s post-Islamist or “Muslim Democrat” position from 2001 to 2013. The AKP of 2001–2013 (the ‘Muslim Democrat’ phase) was, in many ways, a success story in terms of “democratic learning and moderation” (Yilmaz 2009). A relatively small remnant of the hard-core Islamists, including National Outlook leader Necmettin Erbakan, remained staunchly and radically Islamist in their outlook. Nevertheless, most of those who had left Erbakan’s Welfare Party (Refah Partisi) when it was dissolved in 1998