EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADITIONAL MALE CIRCUMCISION AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG YOUTH IN MARAKWET EAST SUB COUNTY. BY EDWARD CHELANGA REG. NO. C50/73539/2014 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PSYCHOLOGY (COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY) UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. 2017 DECLARATION DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE This research project is my original work and all materials which are not my own have been cited and acknowledged. The work has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signed: ………………………………………… Date: …………………………………… EDWARD CHELANGA REG. NO. C50/73539/2014 DECLARATION BY SUPERVISORS: This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as University Supervisor Signature ……………………………………….. Date.……………………………… DR. LUKE ODIEMO CHAIRMAN DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI ii DEDICATION I dedicate this Research project to my parents and all those who participated in the research. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All the glory and honour to the Almighty God the creator and giver of life, for the energy I had during the time of this research. First I wish to thank the Department of psychology through the Chairman Dr Luke Odiemo who is also my supervisor ,the coordinator Dr Wango, all the Lecturers and students for their Moral support, I also direct my sincere thanks to all those who assisted me in one way or another from the time of permission to do the research, the research assistants and local Admiration in Marakwet East and the respondents who accepted to take part in this research and not forgetting any other person not mentioned but contributed and played a key role leading to the completion of this research, receive my Heart felt appreciation. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.............................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ....................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1 1.1 Background of the Study ..............................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of Problem.................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Purpose of the Study ...................................................................................................10 1.3.1 Specific Objectives .................................................................................................10 1.3.2 Research Questions ..................................................................................................10 1.4 Justification of the Study ............................................................................................11 1.5 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................12 1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study ..........................................................................12 1.6.1 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................... 12 1.6.2 Delimitation of the Study .........................................................................................13 CHAPTER TWO :LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................14 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Relationship between Traditional Male Circumcisions on Behavior towards Alcohol ............................................................................................................................................14 2.2.1 Effect of Education on Behavior towards Consumption of Alcohol .......................14 2.2.2 Effect of Socio Economic Status on Behavior towards Consumption of Alcohol .. 15 2.2.3 Effect of Religion on Behavior towards Alcohol Consumption...............................15 2.2.4 Effect of Age on Behavioral Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption .....................15 2.2.5 Family Background on Behavioral Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption ..........16 2.3 Relationship between Traditional Male Circumcisions on Cognitive towards Alcohol ............................................................................................................................................16 v 2.3.1 Effect of Education on Cognitive Ability towards Alcohol Consumption ..............16 2.3.2 Effects of Socio-Economic Status on Cognitive towards Alcohol Consumption 17 2.3.3 Impact of Religion on Cognitive Alcohol Consumption ......................................... 17 2.3.4 Effect of Age on Cognitive Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption ......................18 2.3.5 Effect of Family Background ones Thoughts towards Alcohol Consumption 18 2.4 Relationship between Traditional Male Circumcision on Affective towards Alcohol Consumption .....................................................................................................................18 2.4.1 Effect of Education ones Affection towards Alcohol Consumption .......................18 2.4.2 Socio-economic Status on Affective Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption 19 2.4.3 Effect of Religion on Ones Affection towards Consumption of Alcohol ................19 2.4.4 Effect of Age on one’s Affection towards Alcohol Consumption ...........................20 2.4.5 Effect of Family Background on one’sAffection towards Consumption of Alcohol ............................................................................................................................................20 2.5. Relationship between Traditional Male Circumcisions on Attitude as the Three Combined Attributes towards Alcohol Consumption .......................................................20 2.5.1 Effects of Education on Attitude as three combined attributes towards Alcohol Consumption..................................................................................................................... 21 2.5.2Effects of Religion on Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption............................... 22 2.5.3Effects of Social Economic Factors on Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption 23 2.5.4Effects of Age on Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption ......................................24 2.5.5 Effects of Family Background on Attitude as Three Combined Attributes towards Alcohol Consumption ....................................................................................................... 25 2.5 Theoretical Framework............................................................................................... 26 2.5.1 Sociological Theory of Symbolic Interaction ..........................................................26 2.5.2 Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior........................................................................27 2.6 Conceptual Framework................................................................................................28 CHAPTER THREE :RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................29 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................29 3.2 Research Design.......................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Site of Study ................................................................................................................29 vi 3.4 Target Population........................................................................................................ 30 3.5 Sampling Method ........................................................................................................30 3.6 Sample Size................................................................................................................. 31 3.7 Data Collection Instrument .........................................................................................32 3.7.1 Questionnaires.......................................................................................................... 32 3.7.2 Focused Group Discussion ......................................................................................32 3.8 Data Collection Procedure ..........................................................................................33 3.9 Validity and Reliability of the Research Instruments ................................................. 33 3.9.1 Pilot Test ..................................................................................................................33 3.10 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................33