University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2008 Sustainable development of maritime cultural heritage in the Gulf of Maine Stefan Claesson University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Claesson, Stefan, "Sustainable development of maritime cultural heritage in the Gulf of Maine" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. 419. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/419 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE GULF OF MAINE BY STEFAN CLAESSON B.A., Boston University, 1992 M.A., Texas A&M University, 1998 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Natural Resources and Environmental Studies May, 2008 UMI Number: 3308369 Copyright 2008 by Claesson, Stefan All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3308369 Copyright 2008 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ©2008 Stefan Claesson This dissertation has been examined and approved. Dissertation Director, Andrew^/ Rosenberg, Professor of Natural Resotfirces Policy and Management and Earth, Oceans, and Space Lloyd C. Hu/f, Research iQjjgfessor of Ocean Engineering /kkrA*^-^ Robert L. Macieski, Associate Professor of History L.^ I. Roderick Mather, Associate Professor of History, University of Rhode Island ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my gratitude to the Natural Resources and Earth Systems Science Ph.D. Program (NRESS) at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) and the NOAA Nancy Foster Scholarship Program for providing the resources and funding needed to conduct this interdisciplinary research in maritime archaeology, historic preservation and policy. This work has received both support and encouragement, as well as comment and challenge from my dissertation committee. Each committee member brought forward a different perspective and area of expertise: history, historic preservation, archaeology, oceanography, and policy and management; this collectively helped to shape the structure and sharpen the focus of my study. I thank Roderick Mather (University of Rhode Island) and Robert Macieski (UNH) for their careful review and thoughtful commentary of this manuscript. Committee members Lloyd Huff (UNH) and Jeffrey Bolster (UNH) invested many hours with me in discussion and pushed me to assert myself in writing and voice - for that I am eternally grateful. My advisor, Andy Rosenberg (UNH), who was willing to take a risk on me and this research topic, has given me an eye-opening education in issues of policy development and resource management. As a teacher and mentor, he has revealed to me that given creative opportunity, encouragement and support, every student has the potential to succeed and contribute meaningfully to society. Furthermore, by example, he has shown that a quiet, self-effacing nature does not preclude strong and effective leadership. The staff of the State Historic Preservation Offices of Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, as well as the Massachusetts Board of Underwater Archaeological Resources, Boston Environment Department, Stellwagen Bank National Marine iv Sanctuary, Naval Historical Center and National Park Service provided extensive cultural resource inventory data for this study - I especially wish to extend my gratitude to Arthur Spiess, Leon Cranmer, Alaric Faulkner, Ellen Berkland, Vic Mastone, David Trubey, Brona Simon, Deborah Marx, Robert Neyland, Barbara Voulgaris, and Elizabeth Muzzey. Additionally, I wish to recognize Mary Beaudry of Boston University, Kevin Crisman of Texas A&M University, and Emerson 'Tad' Baker of Salem State College for teaching me archaeology, having faith in my abilities and scholarship, and writing countless letters in support of my work. I must also thank Athena Trakadas for vetting and editing my research ideas and writings, her steadfastness, encouraging and inspiring me to push on in the difficult moments, and for the joy of being with her to celebrate achievement. Finally, I extend thanks to my mother and father who have always supported my aspiration to be an archaeologist, and to all my friends and colleagues who have provided words of encouragement and given their time and energy in support of this effort. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xi ABSTRACT xiii CHAPTER PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Maritime Cultural Heritage of the Gulf of Maine 2 Regional Significance 3 Threatened Resource 6 Sustainable Development 9 Methods 12 2. MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY 17 Maritime Cultural Heritage and Resources 18 Foundations of Maritime Archaeology 21 Maritime Archaeology Defined 25 3. CULTURAL RESOURCE LEGISLATION AND MANAGEMENT 29 Government Organization 30 Federal Legislation and Management Programs 39 National Marine Sanctuaries Act (1972) 40 Coastal Zone Management Act (1972) and Coastal Zone Protection Act (1996).... 44 Abandoned Shipwreck Act (1987) 46 National Maritime Heritage Act (1994) 49 U.S. Department of the Navy, Warships and Military Aircraft 51 Federal Archaeology Program Laws 53 State Legislation and Management Programs 60 Maine 61 New Hampshire 64 Massachusetts 66 International Conventions 71 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) 72 The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (1971) 74 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) 76 Summary 79 VI 4. MARITIME CULTURAL HERITAGE SURVEY OF THE GULF OF MAINE 84 Maritime Heritage Areas 91 Fall River 91 Cape Cod 97 Buzzards Bay 107 New Bedford 108 Cape Cod Canal 114 Woods Hole 115 Southern Islands 119 Sandy Neck, Great Marsh and Barnstable Harbor 128 Plymouth 133 Boston 140 Cape Ann 147 Merrimack River 153 Piscataqua River 158 SacoBay 165 CascoBay 172 Mid-Coast Maine 178 Greater Penobscot Bay 187 MachiasBay 198 Quoddy Region 203 Georges Bank 209 Stellwagen Bank 212 Analysis and Summary 217 5. A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 223 Natural and Cultural Resources 225 Principles of Sustainable Development 227 Intergenerational Equity 228 Intragenerational Equity 228 Precautionary Principle 229 Cultural Diversity 230 Interconnectedness of Systems 231 Cultural Capital and Ecological Economics 232 The Value of Maritime Cultural Heritage 235 Definitions and Methods 239 Market and Non-Market Valuation Tools and Techniques 244 Revealed Preference Methods 246 Stated Preference Methods 248 Significance v. Value 250 Summary 251 6. A POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR CONSERVATION OF MARITIME CULTURAL HERITAGE 254 U.S. Ocean Policy 255 vii Who Owns Maritime Cultural Heritage? 261 Framework for Regional Governance 263 Recommendations for Amendments to Regulatory Procedures 268 Assessment of Threats to Maritime Cultural Resources 271 Coastal Development and Economic Growth 272 Sediments and Shorelines 275 Natural Hazards 277 Habitat Conservation 277 Pollution 278 Fishing 279 Recreation and Tourism 281 Oil, Gas, and Minerals Management 281 Emergency Response and Naval/Military Activities 283 Summary 284 7. CONCLUSION 285 LIST OF REFERENCES 289 APPENDICES 321 APPENDIX A: FEDERAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION LAWS 322 APPENDIX B: MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE GULF OF MAINE 329 APPENDIX C: NAVAL AND MILITARY LOSSES IN THE GULF OF MAINE 331 APPENDIX D: STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION LAWS 335 APPENDIX E: INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 339 APPENDIX F: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE EVALUATION CRITERIA 341 vm LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Categories of maritime cultural resources in the Gulf of Maine 19 Table 2. Gulf of Maine maritime cultural heritage themes 86 Table 3. Maritime districts, building and sites of the Fall River region on the National Register of Historic Places 96 Table 4. Maritime districts, building and sites of the Cape Cod region on the National Register of Historic Places 106 Table 5. Maritime districts, building and sites of the Buzzards Bay region on the National Register of Historic Places 118 Table 6. Maritime districts and sites of the Southern Islands region (Dukes County islands, Marthas Vineyard, and Nantucket) on the National Register of Historic Places 128 Table 7. Maritime districts, building and sites of the Sandy Neck/Barnstable region on the National Register of Historic Places 133 Table 8. Maritime districts, building and sites of the Plymouth region on the National Register of Historic Places 139 Table 9. Cultural