ARCADIS ECOLAS N.V. IEEP Roderveldlaan 3 Quai au Foin, 55 2600 Berchem 1000 Brussels Belgium Belgium Tel: +32 3 328.62.86 Tel: + 32 (0) 2 738 74 82 Fax: +32 3 328.62.87 Fax: + 32 (0) 2 732 40 04 http://www.arcadisecolas.be http://www.ieep.eu Contract N° 07010406/2006/441662/MAR/E3 Task 2 - Benefits for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and other countries of SEE of compliance with the environmental acquis Final Report– Part II: Country- The European Commission – DG Environment 06/11347/AL October 2007 Patrick ten Brink (IEEP) Ljupco Avramovski (Enviro-L) Stijn Vermoote (Arcadis Ecolas) Samuela Bassi (IEEP) Karen Callebaut (Arcadis Ecolas) Arnoud Lust (Arcadis Ecolas) Alistair Hunt (Metroeconomica) ARCADIS ECOLAS / IEEP / Metroeconomica / Enviro-L Content 06/11347 - fYRoM - Benefits of Compliance with environmental acquis - final report CONTENT CONTENT.................................................................................................................................... I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................III LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................V LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF ANNEXES .................................................................................................................... XI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................XIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY – FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA..........................XIII Benefit assessment air related directives.......................................................................................... xiii Benefit assessment water related directives ..................................................................................... xiv Benefit assessment solid waste related directives ..............................................................................xv Benefit assessment nature related directives.................................................................................... xvi Summary overview – former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ........................................................... xix 1 OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................1 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA......................3 2.1 The environment ............................................................................................................... 3 2.2 The economy .................................................................................................................... 4 3 BENEFITS ASSESSMENT OF AIR RELATED DIRECTIVES...................................................7 3.1 Current status of AIR QUALITY ........................................................................................... 7 3.1.1 National and Regional Level................................................................................................ 7 3.1.2 Air Quality Regulation ...................................................................................................... 12 3.1.3 Air Quality Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 13 3.2 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT: AIR RELATED DIRECTIVES.................................................. 14 3.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.2 Methodology – The Impact Pathway Approach ................................................................... 15 3.2.3 Emission Reduction Scenarios ........................................................................................... 16 3.2.4 Extent of Benefits ............................................................................................................ 17 3.3 MONETARY VALUATION: REDUCED AIR POLLUTION .......................................................... 19 3.3.1 Benefits upon full compliance............................................................................................ 19 3.3.2 Trans-boundary benefits................................................................................................... 20 3.3.3 Conclusions..................................................................................................................... 20 4 BENEFITS ASSESSMENT OF WATER RELATED DIRECTIVES...........................................23 4.1 Current status of different water uses and threats .............................................................. 23 4.1.1 Drinking water................................................................................................................. 23 4.1.2 Recreational uses of water................................................................................................ 23 4.1.3 River ecosystems............................................................................................................. 24 4.2 Assessment using qualitative and quantitative data............................................................. 24 4.2.1 Introduction to the Method of Assessment ......................................................................... 24 4.2.2 Benefits from improved drinking water quality and supply ................................................... 25 4.2.3 Benefits to recreational users of water............................................................................... 31 4.2.4 Changes in River Ecosystems............................................................................................ 39 i ARCADIS ECOLAS / IEEP / Metroeconomica / Enviro-L Content 06/11347 - fYRoM - Benefits of Compliance with environmental acquis - final report 4.2.5 Future strategy on water management .............................................................................. 41 4.3 Monetary assessment....................................................................................................... 42 4.3.1 Benefits of Cleaner Drinking Water.................................................................................... 42 4.3.2 Bathing and other surface water quality – use values.......................................................... 44 4.3.3 Improved river ecosystem quality – non-use value.............................................................. 45 4.4 Aggregation of Benefits And Conclusions ........................................................................... 48 5 BENEFITS ASSESSMENT OF WASTE RELATED DIRECTIVES ...........................................55 5.1 Current status ................................................................................................................. 55 5.1.1 Waste generation and coverage ........................................................................................ 57 5.1.2 Recycling ........................................................................................................................ 58 5.1.3 Landfills .......................................................................................................................... 61 5.1.4 Packaging waste.............................................................................................................. 64 5.1.5 Incineration of waste ....................................................................................................... 66 5.1.6 Hazardous waste (HZW)................................................................................................... 67 5.1.7 Disposal of waste oil ........................................................................................................ 70 5.1.8 Batteries and accumulators............................................................................................... 70 5.1.9 Medical Hazardous waste ................................................................................................. 71 5.1.10 Disposal of PCB and PCT .................................................................................................. 72 5.1.11 Used Tires....................................................................................................................... 72 5.1.12 End of life vehicles........................................................................................................... 72 5.1.13 Construction and demolition waste.................................................................................... 72 5.1.14 Industrial contaminated sites ............................................................................................ 73 5.2 Assessment using qualitative and quantitative data............................................................. 74 5.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 74 5.2.2 National targets for the future years in the field of waste management ................................ 74 5.2.3 Landfill Directive .............................................................................................................. 76 5.2.4 Packaging Directive.......................................................................................................... 83 5.3 Summary and interpretation of results..............................................................................