706-707 EM-Appendix-824133 4/6/04 6:51 PM Page 706 Skills Handbook . XXX SkillBuilder Handbook. 708 Historical Documents . XXX Standardized Test Practice. 726 Primary Source Library. XXX Primary Sources Library . 736 Gazetteer . .783 Suggested Readings. .748 Glossary . 791 Glossary . 750 Spanish Glossary . 799 Spanish Glossary . 756 Index. 808 Gazetteer . .763 Acknowledgments . 827 Index . 772 Acknowledgements . 792 706 Appendix (bkgd)CORBIS, (r)Sylvain Grandadam/Getty Images, (l)Picture Finders Ltd./eStock 706-707 EM-Appendix-824133 7/15/04 12:03 AM Page 707 An appendix is the additional material you often find at the end of books. The following information will help you learn how to use the Appendix in Journey Across Time: The Early Ages. SkillBuilder Handbook important to bilingual students, or those The SkillBuilder Handbook offers you Spanish-speaking students who are learning information and practice using critical thinking the English language. and social studies skills. Mastering these skills will help you in all your courses. Gazetteer The Gazetteer (GA•zuh•TIHR) is a geographical Standardized Test Preparation dictionary. It lists some of the largest countries, The skills you need to do well on standardized cities, and several important geographic features. tests are practiced in the Standardized Test Each entry also includes a page number telling Practice section of this Appendix. where this place is talked about in your textbook. Index Primary Sources Library The Index is an alphabetical listing that includes The Primary Sources Library provides additional the subjects of the book and the page numbers first-person accounts of historical events. Primary where those subjects can be found. The index in sources are often narratives by a person who this book also lets you know that certain pages actually experienced what is being described. contain maps, graphs, photos, or paintings about the subject. Suggested Readings The Suggested Readings list suggests the titles Acknowledgements and Photo Credits of fiction and non-fiction books you might be This section lists photo credits and/or literary interested in reading. These books deal with the credits for the book. You can look at this section same topics that are covered in each chapter. to find out where the publisher obtained the permission to use a photograph or to use excerpts Glossary from other books. The Glossary is a list of important or difficult terms found in a textbook. Since words sometimes have other meanings, you may wish to consult a dictionary to find other uses for the term. The glossary gives a definition Find the answers to these questions by using of each term as it is used in the book. The the Appendix on the following pages. glossary also includes page numbers telling 1. What does dynasty mean? you where in the textbook the term is used. 2. What is the topic of the first Unit 3 Primary Source reading? The Spanish Glossary 3. On what page can I find out about Julius Caesar? The Spanish Glossary contains everything that 4. Where exactly is Rome located? an English glossary does, but it is written in 5. What is one of the Suggested Readings for Unit 3? Spanish. A Spanish glossary is especially Appendix 707 CORBIS 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 3/31/04 12:31 PM Page 708 Finding the Main Idea . .709 Taking Notes and Outlining . .710 Reading a Time Line . .711 Sequencing and Categorizing Information . .712 Recognizing Point of View . .713 Distinguishing Fact From Opinion . .714 Analyzing Library and Research Resources . .715 Analyzing Primary Source Documents . .716 Building a Database . .717 Summarizing . .718 Evaluating a Web Site . .719 Understanding Cause and Effect . .720 Making Comparisons . .721 Making Predictions . .722 Drawing Inferences and Conclusions . .723 Recognizing Economic Indicators . .724 Interpreting Political Cartoons . .725 708 SkillBuilder Handbook 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 3/31/04 12:32 PM Page 709 SkillBuilder Handbook Finding the Main Idea Why Learn This Skill? Cultural diffusion has increased as a Understanding the main idea allows result of technology. Cultural diffusion is you to grasp the whole picture and get the process by which a culture spreads its an overall understanding of what you knowledge and skills from one area to are reading. Historical details, such as another. Years ago, trade—the way people names, dates, and events, are easier to shared goods and ideas—resulted in cultur- remember when they are connected to a al diffusion. Today communication technol- main idea. ogy, such as television and the Internet, links people throughout the world. Follow these steps when trying to detail detail detail find the main idea: • Read the material and ask, “Why was main idea this written? What is its purpose?” • Read the first sentence of the first para- graph. The main idea of a paragraph is 1. What is the main idea of this paragraph? often found in the topic sentence. The 2. What are some details that support that main idea of a large section of text is main idea? often found in a topic paragraph. 3. Practice the skill by reading three paragraphs • Identify details that support the main in your textbook and identifying their main ideas. ideas. • Keep the main idea clearly in your 4. Do you agree or disagree with the main idea mind as you read. presented above? Explain. Read the paragraph in the next col- umn that describes how the culture of Bring a newspaper or magazine the world is changing. Answer the ques- to class. With a partner, identify the tions, and then complete the activity that main ideas in three different articles. follows. If you have trouble, use the Then describe how other sentences or graphic organizer to help you. paragraphs in the article support the main idea. SkillBuilder Handbook 709 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 3/31/04 12:33 PM Page 710 Taking Notes and Outlining You also may find it helpful to use an Why Learn This Skill? outline when writing notes. Outlining can If you asked someone for his or her help you organize your notes in a clear phone number or e-mail address, how SkillBuilder Handbook and orderly way. would you best remember it? Most peo- First read the material to identify the ple would write it down. Making a note main ideas. In this textbook, section head- of it helps you remember. The same is ings and subheadings provide clues to the true for remembering what you read in a main ideas. Supporting details can then textbook. be placed under each heading. Each level of an outline must contain at least two items. The basic pattern for outlines is as follows: Taking notes as you read your text- book will help you remember the infor- Main Topic mation. As you read, identify and sum- I. First idea or item marize the main ideas and details and II. Second idea or item write them in your notes. Do not copy A. first detail material directly from the text. B. second detail Using note cards—that you can 1. subdetail reorder later—can also help. First write 2. subdetail the main topic or main idea at the top of III. Third idea or item the note card. Then write the details that A. first detail support or describe that topic. Number B. second detail the cards to help you keep them in order. the Middle Ages 3 Schools in Look back at Chapter 2, Section 1. • Catholic church set up Outline the main ideas of the section as cathedral schools. shown above. • Only sons of nobles could go to these schools. Use the outline that you created in step 2 to write a paragraph with a main idea and at least three supporting details. 710 SkillBuilder Handbook 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 3/31/04 12:33 PM Page 711 SkillBuilder Handbook Reading a Time Line Why Learn This Skill? Have you ever had to remember events and their dates in the order in Examine the time line below. It which they happened? A time line is an shows major events in the history of easy way to make sense of the flow of early Egypt. Then answer the questions dates and events. It is a simple diagram and complete the activity that follows. that shows how dates and events relate to one another. On most time lines, years are evenly spaced. Events on time lines 1. When does the time line begin? When does are placed beside the date they occurred. it end? 2. What major event happened during the 1500s B.C.? 3. How long did the Hyksos rule Egypt? To read a time line, follow these steps: 4. What happened to Egypt during the 300s B.C.? • Find the dates on the opposite ends of the time line. They show the period of time that the time line covers. • Note the equal spacing between dates on the time line. List 10 key events found in Unit 1 and • Study the order of events. the dates on which these events took • Look to see how the events relate to place. Write the events in the order in each other. which they occurred on a time line. Ancient Egypt Great Pyramid of Khufu built Upper and c. 2500 B.C. The Hyksos The Hyksos are Egypt is part of Lower Egypt unite conquer Egypt overthrown Greek Empire 3100 B.C. 1750 B.C. c. 1500 B.C. 300s B.C. Egypt 3000 B.C. 2500 B.C. 2000 B.C. 1500 B.C. 1000 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 500 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1500 SkillBuilder Handbook 711 708-725 EM-SBHB-824133 3/31/04 12:34 PM Page 712 Sequencing and Categorizing Information Why Learn This Skill? Sequencing means placing facts in the order in which they happened.