STUDIES IN ANCIENT STRUCTURES Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress July 9- 13, 2001 İstanbul, Turkey Organized by YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE Edited by Dr. Görün ARUN and Dr. Nadide SEÇKİN YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY PUBLICATION İSTANBUL, 2001 The papers herein are published in the form as submitted by the authors. Minor changes have been made where obvious errors and discrepancies were met. ©Yıldız Technical University 80750, Yıldız, İstanbul, Turkey Tel : + 90 212 259 70 70 Fax : +90 212 261 05 49 ISBN 975 – 461 – 303 – 6 (Tk. No.) 975 – 461 – 304 – 4 (1. Volume) 975 – 461 – 305 – 2 (2. Volume) PREFACE Ancient Structures referring to the historical buildings are the structures that symbolize the cultural identity and continuity of a land with its architectural, aesthetic, social, political, spiritual and symbolic values. Its age, technological significance with its design, materials and workmanship, association with a prominent designer, being the oldest example of a type or location in a historical setting and representing a period are all notable features to call a structure to be historical. Conservation of historical constructions requires a harmonious work of multidisciplinary team of specialists dealing with history, architecture and different fields of engineering. The 2nd International Congress on “Studies in Ancient Structures-SAS2001” organized by the Faculty of Architecture of Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, with the support of ICOMOS-Turkey is held in İstanbul on July 9-13, 2001. İstanbul, the only city in the world built on two continents and served as capital of three empires namely East Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empire is one of the most suitable places to communicate the rapid advances made in theoretical approaches, applied aspects and new materials and technologies for studies in preservation of the historical heritage. The Congress aimed at providing an international and interdisciplinary forum for discussion of the studies on ancient structures and to give researchers and practitioners an opportunity to exchange experiences and knowledge on preservation of the historical heritage. These Proceedings containing papers sent by the specialists of different fields to the SAS2001 Congress is grouped according to their content, rather than according to their presentation, inorder to make it more useful as a reference text. Volume 1 contains Chapters on: Historical and Architectural Aspects of Ancient Structures and Historical Sites; Documentation of Ancient Structures Historical Environment; and Structural Concepts and Analysis of Historical Structures and Sites; Volume II contains Chapters on Experimental Methods and Test Results in Building Materials of Ancient Structures and Historical Sites; Restoration and Preservation Techniques in Ancient Structures and Historical Sites; and Environmental Aspects and Future of Historical Structures and Sites. The author index at the end of each Volume covers all papers in both Volumes. Each of the papers included in these Proceedings was selected from a much larger group of submittals. Selection was made by the members of the Scientific Committee listed in both Volumes. Deep gratitudes to them for their effort during this hard work. Also many thanks to Prof. T.P.Tassios, Prof. M.Kawaguchi, Prof. S.Kelly, Prof. D.Kuban, Prof. S.Akman and Prof. Z.Ahunbay for their significant contribution as keynote speakers to the success of the Congress. Some of these speaches are also included in the Proceedings. The Congress is supported by many organizations. Gratefull thanks to our University and Faculty authorities, to UNESCO Cultural Division, TUBİTAK- The Scientific Technical Research Council of Turkey, and other Institutions for sponsoring the Congress. Special thanks to Mr. Ersu Pekin and Mr. Çağatay Bilsel for preparing the illustrations on the covers of the two Volumes and CD, and Arch. Dilek Ekşi, Arch. B.Selcan Yalçın and Eng. Sevcan Yurtsever for their help in preparing the Proceedings and Arch.Olcay Çetiner for preparing the Proceedings on CD. Many thanks to Eng.Timurhan Timur and Eng.S.Emre Pusat of the Organizing Committee for their high performance in every step of the organization. Finally warm thanks to all the authors who undertook the effort of preparing their contribution. It is hoped that these contributions may be useful for professionals engaged in the problems of preservation and for those who have interest in the Studies on Ancient Structures. Dr. Görün Arun Chairman of the Organizing Committee June, 2001 CONTENTS CHAPTER I Historical and Architectural Aspects of Ancient Structures and Historical Sites “Interdisciplinarity in Studying in Ancient Structures” T.P. Tassios .............................3 “Interpreting the Construction History of the Zeyrek Camii in Istanbul (Monastery of the Christ Pantokrator)” R. Ousterhout...................................................19 “Xerxes' Bridges Across the Hellespont Strait According to Herodotus” J. Rymsza.........................................................................................................................29 “Irgandi Bridge from the Past to the Future” N. Dostoğlu .............................................39 “The Rila Monastery in The Light of Bulgarian Historical and Cultural Building Heritage” D. Partov, D. Dinev.........................................................................51 “The Sacred and Symbolic Structure of Folkloric Architecture” K. Grcev....................61 “Description of the Reutilized Historic Constuctions According to the Analysis of the Functions and the Architectural Operations” T. Saito..........................................69 “History and Architecture” D. Kuban.............................................................................76 “A Study of Influences of Byzantine Architecture on the Ottoman Architecture” N. Çamlıbel ..............................................................................................81 “The Evolution of Early Ottoman Domed Structures in Europe: Two Case- Studies from Thrace, Greece” A. Gouridis .....................................................................93 “A "Rock-Hewn" Building in Güzelyurt: The "Rock Mosque" and Its Structural Problems” İ. Ağaryılmaz, Z. G. Ünal, E. E. Omay.........................................103 “Spatial Composition of the Traditional Architecture in Consideration of "Transparency" and "Opacity"” K. Kitagawa, S. Ishihara, H. Ito, Y. Hayase, K. Fumoto, S. Wakayama................................................................................................113 “Spatial Composition of Japanese Tearoom in Consideration of "Transparency" and "Opacity"” K. Kitagawa, S. Ishihara, H. Ito, Y. Hayase, K. Fumoto, S. Wakayama................................................................................................123 “Spatial Composition of the Traditional Architecture in Consideration of Sequences” K. Kitagawa, S. Ishihara, H. Ito, Y. Hayase, K. Fumoto, S. Wakayama...................................................................................................................131 “Spatial Composition of Japanese Tearoom in Consideration of Sequences” S. Ishihara, K. Kitagawa, H. Ito, Y. Hayase, K. Fumoto, S. Wakayama ........................139 “An Analysis of the Single Domed Seljuk Mesjids in Anatolia” R. Özakın ..................149 “Making of the Japanese Timber-Framed Houses” T. Tsuchimoto ................................161 “The Structural Evaluation and Reinstitution of the 17th Century Ottoman Warship Class "Bastard"” İ. B. Dağgülü ........................................................................173 “Virtual Reality Reconstruction of the Roman Town Carnuntum/Austria” P. Ferschin, P. Hirschegger-Ramser, M. Kandler, W. Neubauer.......................................183 “A Restitution Proposal for Donuktaş – Tarsus” N. Seçkin............................................191 “Eflatunpınar: From Load-Bearing to Post-Lintel Structures, Emergence of Statics” A. Cengizkan......................................................................................................201 CHAPTER II Documentation of Ancient Structures and Environment “GIS Based Documentation System for Cultural Heritage Sites” M. F. Drdáckỳ, J. Lesák ...........................................................................................................................215 “Deformation Observations at the Church of Sergios and Bacchus by Photogammetric Tools” A. Alkış, H. Demirel, U. Doğan, R. Düppe, C. Gerstenecker, R. Krocker, G. Arun, B. Snitil .........................................................................................223 “NURBS Modelling for the Conservation of Ancient Buildings” F. Gabellone, M. T. Giannotta, A. Monte..............................................................................................239 “According to the Documents in Archives: The Damages and the Restorations in Dolmabahçe Palace, Ceremonial Hall After the Earthquake in 1894” S. Öner, E. Eren, V. Gezgör ..........................................................................................................249 “Identification and Documentation of a Building Type in the Village Settlements of the Ottoman Period: Laundries” B. İpekoğlu..................................................................259 “The Remaining Rate of Japanese Modern Architectures in Tokyo After 20 Years” Y. Mifune, H. Minoda......................................................................................................269