McKinnon M Exploring Asian urbanization under the radar alcol Asian Cities challenges Western theories of globalization and urban growth with a fresh and stimulating look at cities in developing Asia. It questions the status accorded globalization in explaining contemporary Asian cities, M arguing instead that they are being transformed by three major forces – AsiAn Cities urbanization and nation-building as well as globalization. The first two are not dependent variables of globalization, although all, in the late 20th and ASIAN CITIES early 21st centuries, have been shaped by capitalism. Globalization, Urbanization The book reaches beyond the usual focus on metropolitan centers to examine urban life in a sample of middle-sized and Nation-Building cities representative of hundreds of such urban centers throughout the Asian continent. In sum, it examines developing Asian cities in their own terms rather than as variants of Western cities. This is a nuanced study grounded in quantitative findings but enriched by qualitative research that both provides additional evidence and – together with many maps and illustrations – brings the findings alive. MalcolM www.niaspress.dk McKinnon McKinnon_pbk-cover.indd 1 15/04/2011 11:34 Asi An Cities McKinnon_book.indd 1 04/03/2011 11:01 ni As – nordic institute of Asian studies Monograph Series 98. Alexandra Kent: Divinity and Diversity 99. somchai Phatharathananunth: Civil Society and Democratization 100. nordin Hussin: Trade and Society in the Straits of Melaka 101. Anna-Greta nilsson Hoadley: Indonesian Literature vs New Order Orthodoxy 102. Wil O. Dijk: 17th-Century Burma and the Dutch East India Company 1634–1680 103. Judith Richell: Disease and Demography in Colonial Burma 104. Dagfinn Gatu: Village China at War 105. Marie Højlund Roesgaard: Japanese Education and the Cram School Business 106. Donald M. seekins: Burma and Japan Since 1940 107. Vineeta sinha: A New God in the Diaspora? 108. Mona Lilja: Power, Resistance and Women Politicians in Cambodia 109. Anders Poulsen: Childbirth and Tradition in Northeast Thailand 110. R.A. Cramb: Land and Longhouse 111. Deborah sutton: Other Landscapes 112. søren ivarsson: Creating Laos 113. Johan Fischer: Proper Islamic Consumption 114. sean turnell: Fiery Dragons 115. Are Knudsen: Violence and Belonging 116. noburu ishikawa: Between Frontiers 117. Jan Ovesen and ing-Britt trankell: Cambodians and Their Doctors 118. Kirsten endres: Performing the Divine 119. Gerhard Hoffstaedter: Modern Muslim Identities 120. Malcolm McKinnon: Asian Cities NI As Press is the autonomous publishing arm of niAs – nordic institute of Asian studies, a research institute located at the University of Copenhagen. niAs is partially funded by the governments of Denmark, Finland, iceland, norway and sweden via the nordic Council of Ministers, and works to encourage and support Asian studies in the nordic countries. in so doing, niAs has been publishing books since 1969, with more than two hundred titles produced in the past few years. Uni VeRsity OF COPenHAGen n ordic Council of Ministers McKinnon_book.indd 2 04/03/2011 11:01 Asian Cities Globalization, Urbanization and Nation-Building Malcolm McKinnon McKinnon_book.indd 3 04/03/2011 11:01 nordic institute of Asian studies Monograph series, no. 120 First published in 2011 by niAs Press niAs – nordic institute of Asian studies Leifsgade 33, 2300 Copenhagen s, Denmark tel: +45 3532 9501 • Fax: +45 3532 9549 e-mail: [email protected] • Online: www.niaspress.dk © Malcolm McKinnon 2011 All rights reserved. Malcolm McKinnon asserts his moral right to be identified as the author of this work. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data McKinnon, Malcolm. Asian cities : globalization, urbanization and nation-building. -- (niAs monographs ; 120) 1. Cities and towns--Asia--Growth. 2. Urbanization-- Asia. 3. nation-building--Asia. 4. Globalization--Asia. i. title ii. series 307.1’416’095-dc22 isBn: 978-87-7694-078-2 (hbk) isBn: 978-87-7694-079-9 (pbk) typesetting by niAs Press Printed in Singapore by Mainland Press Cover photograph: City edge, yangzhou, with Grand Canal in middle distance. Photo by Avenal McKinnon. McKinnon_book.indd 4 04/03/2011 11:01 Contents Figures and illustrations vi Preface and acknowledgements ix Glossary and abbreviations xiii Part 1: Introduction 1. Globalization, Asian cities and Western cities 3 Part 2: Urbanization and cities 2. Urbanization and the Asian city 37 3. Urbanism and the Asian city 71 Part 3: Nation-building and Asian cities 4. Businesses and cities 111 5. Migrants and cities 138 6. Travelers and cities 159 7. Commercial popular culture and cities 180 Part 4: Looking ahead 8. Asian cities and twenty-first century globalization 209 Bibliography 235 Index 251 McKinnon_book.indd 5 04/03/2011 11:01 Asian Cities Figures and illustrations (All photographs copyright the author unless otherwise stated) 1.1 World population density, 2000 10 1.2 Asia population points, 2000 12 1.3 Yangzhou and shanghai location map 29 1.4 Jakarta and semarang location map 31 1.5 Bangalore and Mysore location map 33 2.1 Bangalore location map 42 2.2 Street in Gandhinagar, near the Majestic bus stand 48 2.3 Street scene, Kengeri satellite town 51 2.4 Kaveri water tank advertisement, Kengeri 53 2.5 Central Java location map 56 2.6 Domestic setting, Jatisari 58 2.7 Yangzhou location map 60 2.8 Yangzhou city edge neighborhood 64 3.1 Newsstand and employee, Mysore 80 3.2 Baiturrochim mosque, semarang 88 3.3 Sabarimala trip information, Bangalore 89 3.4 Ceremony prior to departure for sabarimala 90 3.5 Church advertising for wedding business, yangzhou 93 3.6 Advertisement for paying guests, Kengeri 97 3.7 Women workers in yangzhou cafeteria 101 4.1 China as real estate – street advertising in yangzhou 116 4.2 Metal trading area near the Grand Canal, yangzhou 119 4.3 Grand Canal neighborhood, yangzhou 120 4.4 Sidomuncul street advertisement, semarang 127 4.5 Big Bazaar store, Mysore 129 5.1 Trilingual restaurant sign in Jalahalli, Bangalore 143 5.2 Information for migrant workers, yangzhou 151 5.3 Workshop and workers in semarang 154 6.1 Motel 168 lobby, yangzhou 161 6.2 Hotel advertisements, Bandungan 167 6.3 Temple information, Chamundi Hill, Mysore 169 6.4 “toy street”, shou Xi Hu, yangzhou 177 vi McKinnon_book.indd 6 04/03/2011 11:01 Contents 7.1 Learning the Kannada alphabet 183 7.2 Advertisement for Hindi movie 189 7.3 Advertisement featuring Jay Chou 197 7.4 Indonesian singer and performer, tompi 201 8.1 Percentage of foreign-born in selected cities, c. 2005 227 8.2 Asia population density , 2000 232 vii McKinnon_book.indd 7 04/03/2011 11:01 McKinnon_book.indd 8 04/03/2011 11:01 Preface and acknowledgements i f this book had one starting point it was the experience of visiting a number of Asian cities in the late 1990s and early 2000s and being struck by the absence of the large populations of foreign-born migrants which were such a characteristic of cities in the western world at that time. this study is not only about that phenomenon and that contrast, but both provided a trigger for researching the many different ways that globalization has played out in Asian as compared with Western cities. that research was carried out over many years and in many places and has accumulated a correspondingly lengthy list of debts which it is a pleasure to acknowledge. the Japan Foundation and the United states–new Zealand educational Foundation (the Fulbright program) both provided fellowships that allowed me to research facets of this project at Kyushu University (Faculty of Law) and Harvard University (Center for european studies). i am particularly indebted to shigeru imasato at the former institution and Peter Hall and Patricia Craig at the latter. i am indebted to many colleagues in the new Zealand Asian studies society for support and encouragement for this project, including those who courageously offered to read and respond to all or parts of the text: sekhar Bandyopadhyay, Duncan Campbell, Paul Clark, stephen epstein, Pauline Keating, Hui Luo, Graeme Macrae, Brian Moloughney and Vanessa Ward. i am indebted to other colleagues who also read and responded to all or parts of the text. they included A. Bellette, n. Besnier, M. Biggs, J. Black, B. easton, H. Franklin, M. Gifkins, G. Hawke, M. Hilton, M. Hutching, K. Kane, A. Kember, U. Ladurner, M. Lomax, F. Mehring, V. Mence, P. Parkinson, M. Pointer, R. Rabel, B. schrader, R. tristram and C. Wilton. Osama Ashoor and L. K. Mcewing offered much encouragement. i wish to thank the school of History, Philosophy, Political science and international Relations at Victoria University of Wellington for providing a ix McKinnon_book.indd 9 04/03/2011 11:01 Asian Cities welcome academic home. i wish also to thank the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, in particular Heath sadlier, for design advice and Jock Phillips, general editor of te Ara, the online encyclopedia of new Zealand, www.teara. govt.nz, for accommodating my lengthy absences from that project. in the cities in which i spent most time in the course of the research i accumulated a host of debts. i can think of virtually no circumstances in which individuals, when approached, were ever less than helpful, in a variety of settings from the official and institutional to the informal. thanks go to those who agreed to be interviewed about their lives and about the cities in which they lived or with which they were familiar (some were interviewed at a distance). they are acknowledged in footnotes, usually by pseudonyms or initials. i would also like to thank in particular: (1) in respect of yangzhou and shanghai – Dai Zhongchun, Han Chao, Hu Hong, Hu yufeng, Jiang Ding, J-C somers, Liu tong, Wang Ligeng, yin Binwei, Ma yufeng and colleagues and students at yangzhou University, officials of the yangzhou city adminis- tration, and Vibeke Børdahl and Lucie Olivová, joint organizers of a work- shop on and in yangzhou in 2005.