How can Secure Rest Places with high quality services and facilities in Denmark help to ensure truck drivers safety and security at their work? Laura Gabenyte MSc. Urban Planning and Management Master thesis Aalborg University 2014 Title: How can Secure Rest Places with high quality services and facilities in Denmark help to ensure truck drivers safety and security at their work? st th Project period: 1 of February 2014 - 4 of June 2014 Project type: Master thesis in Urban Planning and Management Author: Laura Gabenyte Supervisor: Sven Kesserling Total pages: 99 Physical copies: 2 2 Executive summary The aim of this project is to answer the question: How can Secure Rest Places with high quality services and facilities in Denmark help to ensure truck drivers safety and security at their work? This project is conducted with the motivation to create a suggestion for Secure Rest Places with quality services and facilities in the existing Danish road transport infrastructure in order to improve truck drivers’ safety and security and help to reduce freight crime. The Heinrich’s Domino Theory (1959) and the Strategic Spatial Planning Theory (2004) construct creates the theoretical framework for the analysis part. Literature review, document analysis methods and semi-structured expert interviews are used to make investigation in this project. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Five interviews with truck drivers and three with people involved in parking areas development in Denmark were conducted to gain the knowledge about challenges of the truck drivers’ work and their attitude to improve the existing situation of parking areas for trucks in Denmark. The SRP is argued as a tool to create safe and secure environment for truck drivers and help to reduce losses form the freight crime. The author suggests having two types of SRPs in Denmark, using suggestions from the LABEL (2008) project: Level 2 in a distance of 25km along motorways and Level (3-5) in 7 Danish Transport and Logistics Centres. These SRPs would be integrated in the existing road infrastructure and provide quality services and facilities for truck drivers as well as improve their safety and security during the rest time. It is expected that Danish national transport authorities, insurance companies, services and logistics companies will support this idea and together with funding opportunities from European Commission will enable to implement SRPs in Denmark. It is evident SRPs can be used as a tool to ensure truck drivers' work conditions and safety and security in the freight transport sector. 3 Acknowledgement This master thesis is special for me, because it summarizes two years of amazing experience that Aalborg University gave to me. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Sven Kesserling, Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, for directing me and my research to the right path. I so greatly appreciate the support of my family and friends, because your love, strength and encouragements have meant a lot to me. I would also like to thank Mr. Kent Bentzen, President of FDT- Association of Danish Transport and Logistics Centres, Ph.D. Sisse Malene Frydendal Grøn, Hanne Christensen and 7 truck drivers for their time and valuable information which made my research special and unforgettable. Aalborg, 02.06.2014 Laura Gabenyte 4 Table of Contents 1. REPORT STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................. 9 2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Trends of the freight crime in Europe ......................................................................................... 11 2.1. Relevant projects and EU legislation related to SRPs in Europe ................................................. 12 2.1.1. SETPOS Project (2007-2010) ............................................................................................... 12 2.1.2. LABEL Project (2008-2010) .................................................................................................. 14 2.1.3. Driving time and rest periods .............................................................................................. 15 2.1.4. The need for SRPs in Europe ............................................................................................... 17 2.1.5. SRPs in the TEN-T Network and EU legislation ................................................................... 18 2.1.6. Funding opportunities for SRPs in Member States ............................................................. 20 2.1.7. Freight thefts and parking areas in Denmark ..................................................................... 22 3. MOTIVATION FOR THIS MASTER THESIS ............................................................................................. 24 4. PROBLEM FORMULATION ................................................................................................................... 25 4.1. The main research question and sub-questions ......................................................................... 25 4.1.1. The main research question................................................................................................ 25 4.1.2. Sub-questions ...................................................................................................................... 25 5. THEORETICAL APPROACH ................................................................................................................... 27 5.1. TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 28 5.1.1. Dangers & Risks ....................................................................................................................... 28 5.1.2. Safety ...................................................................................................................................... 30 5.1.3. Security ................................................................................................................................... 32 6. THEORIES............................................................................................................................................. 33 6.1. Heinrich’s Domino Theory (1959) ............................................................................................... 33 6.1.1. The Adopted Domino Theory .................................................................................................. 34 6.2. The Strategic Spatial Planning Theory (2004) ............................................................................. 36 7. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 38 7.1. Qualitative Research ................................................................................................................... 38 7.2. Data collecting method ............................................................................................................... 39 7.2.1. Primary data collection ....................................................................................................... 39 5 7.2.2. Secondary data collection ................................................................................................... 39 7.2.3. Data collection in this project ............................................................................................. 40 7.3. Research methods ...................................................................................................................... 41 7.3.1. Qualitative interviews ......................................................................................................... 41 7.3.2. Expert interview method .................................................................................................... 42 7.3.3. Conducted semi-structured expert interviews ................................................................... 43 7.3.3. Literature review ................................................................................................................. 45 7.3.4. Document analysis .............................................................................................................. 45 Validity and reliability ............................................................................................................................. 47 7.4.1. Validity ................................................................................................................................ 47 7.4.2. Reliability ............................................................................................................................. 47 7.4.3. Limitations ........................................................................................................................... 48 8. ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................. 49 8.1. Ancestry and Social Environment .................................................................................................... 50 8.1.1. Ancestry (Training) .................................................................................................................... 50 8.1.2. Social environment ..................................................................................................................