Copyright by Jayson Scott Galler 2007 The Dissertation Committee for Jayson Scott Galler certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Logic and Argumentation in The Book of Concord Committee: ____________________________________ Susanne Hafner, Co-Supervisor ____________________________________ Robert C. Koons, Co-Supervisor ____________________________________ Peter Hess ____________________________________ Ernest N. Kaulbach ____________________________________ Sandra B. Straubhaar ____________________________________ Marjorie C. Woods Logic and Argumentation in The Book of Concord by Jayson Scott Galler, B.S.; M.Div. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2007 Dedicatus in memoriam + Kurt Eric Marquart + 1934-2006 A “doctor” of the Church in the truest sense Hamlet to his Wittenberg classmate— There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. —Hamlet Act i. Sc. 5. Acknowledgments In the end an author alone is responsible for his or her dissertation, but dissertations are never solitary endeavors. My appreciation goes first to Susanne Hafner, who not only thought of and facilitated basing my ad-hoc interdisciplinary Ph.D. program in Germanic Studies but who also chaired the program committee and co-chaired the dissertation committee. I also thank dissertation committee co-chair Rob Koons for his time and effort as he shared his insights, patience, and love of philosophy in service to theology. Thanks go to committee member Ernie Kaulbach for honoring me with a much-disliked bureaucratic commitment and for years of patient and insightful Latin reading. For their service, insights, and support, I also extend my gratitude to committee members Peter Hess, Sandy Straubaar, and Jorie Woods. Susanne Hafner and fellow doctoral candidate Daniela Richter assisted with some German translations, and Ernie Kaulbach assisted with some Latin translations—thanks go to all three and to my dear friend Helen Jensen for proofreading assistance. Research of this nature would not have been possible without the help of the University of Texas Libraries’ InterLibrary Services staff, which I also thank. I appreciate the Department of Germanic Studies’ welcoming me as a student, as I also appreciate the Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering’s (CAEE) providing me the opportunity to serve as a teaching assistant. My CAEE supervisor and friend Hillary Hart provided much counsel and encouragement, for which I am grateful. Grace Lutheran Church, Elgin, Texas, provided me a spiritual home and opportunity to pastor, and my sister and brother-in-law, Jayna and Barry Burgdorf, along with my nephew and nieces, welcomed me into their physical home as a more-immediate member of their family. For their counsel, encouragement, and other support, I also thank my parents, as well as other friends and colleagues whom I caused to suffer with me. Last but not least, I thank God, to Whom alone goes any glory. vi Logic and Argumentation in The Book of Concord Publication No. ________ Jayson Scott Galler, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2007 Co-Supervisors: Susanne Hafner & Robert C. Koons The sixteenth-century Reformation in Germany is often viewed as having made a radical change by breaking with the thinking of the past and starting something new. One example given is the Reformation’s perceived rejection of philosophy (that is, philosophy’s method, subject matter, and purpose), although the regard for philosophy has often been assessed only on the basis of second-order data. Past research has looked at various individuals’ keeping or breaking with the preceding era and at the question of continuity between individuals within the Reformation movement of the sixteenth century. This interdisciplinary study examines the regard for philosophy and both the keeping and breaking of the whole movement, by considering how philosophy is used in The Book of Concord, which contains Reformation documents from the earlier and later sixteenth-century that were widely accepted and given authoritative status. The specific Book of Concord uses of philosophy considered are second-order statements about philosophy and its cognates and about logic, as well as first-order uses of organization by (“topics”) or loci (“places”) and of argumentation by both induction (namely, example and analogy) and deduction. The study’s taking philosophical uses as indicators of regard for philosophy has been called for in previous research and is relatively unique. Another significant contribution of this study is a detailed treatment of syllogisms used in arguing, for example, for the Reformers’ position that justification, or righteousness vii before God, is only on account of faith in Jesus Christ. The study also considers the Reformers’ formal distinction between justification and sanctification, or holy living, as a case study for philosophy in service to theology as its handmaiden in a ministerial role. More than finding an inexplicable, eclectic use, the dissertation concludes that The Book of Concord where necessary rejects philosophy and logic but nevertheless at the same time makes use of them, except where the use of such methods contradicts or goes beyond the Reformers’ understanding of God’s revelation in the Bible. Such rejection but simultaneous use both keeps and breaks with the preceding medieval period and continuous within the Reformation movement of the sixteenth century. viii Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................ xii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................... xiii Chapter I: Introduction.................................................................................... 1 Overview philosophy and theology relationship ............................................................ 4 Philosophy and theology in the era of the Reformation ............................................... 18 Existing scholarship...................................................................................................... 37 Repudiation of philosophy with its simultaneous use............................................... 38 Continuity of late-medieval period with Reformation period................................... 44 Continuity between Reformers and the next generation........................................... 50 Exploration and hypothesis development ..................................................................... 53 Scope and Limitations................................................................................................... 57 Methodology................................................................................................................. 58 The Book of Concord .................................................................................................... 60 Documents included.................................................................................................. 61 Second-order regard for philosophy ......................................................................... 79 Dissertation Organization ............................................................................................. 88 Chapter I Summary....................................................................................................... 89 Chapter II: Metalogical Opinions and Practices........................................... 91 Regard for logic ............................................................................................................ 91 Apology IV (Justification) ........................................................................................ 92 Apology XII (Penitence)........................................................................................... 93 Apology XX (Good Works)...................................................................................... 95 Apology I (Original Sin)........................................................................................... 97 Formula I (Original Sin) ......................................................................................... 100 Summary of regard for “logic” ............................................................................... 104 as the philosophical method of organization ................................................... 106 Book of Concord use of locus, loci ......................................................................... 106 organizational structure used by The Book of Concord ............................... 128 method’s philosophical background ............................................................ 129 Summary of /loci method.............................................................................. 139 Chapter II summary .................................................................................................... 140 ix Chapter III: Use of Inductive Argumentation............................................. 141 Philosophical background of example and analogy.................................................... 141 Example ...................................................................................................................... 146 For Reformers’ positions .......................................................................................